The Cultural Dimension of Codes of Corporate Governance: A Focus on the Olivencia Report

The article deals with the sociocultural and historical background of the Olivencia Report and relates this to the document's content, particularly, to its recommendations for Spanish Boards. A discussion of the distinctively Spanish understandings of loyalty, due diligence and transparency is included. The work ends with insights into parallelisms between corporate governance and political government, specifically on the role of culture, democratic representation and accountability, the distribution of power, the protection of property rights and equality.     

The Raising of Corporate Sponsorship: A Behavioral Study

Research was conducted in order to define a “buyer behavior” process for the purchase of sponsorship at a corporate level. A series of interviews was carried out with a number of organizations that are currently involved in sponsorship of varying kinds. A consideration was made to include a balance of sponsorship types—small and large—as well as arts, sports, and events, although no attempt was made to identify how the process differs across sponsorship type. Our results show that while sponsorship and fundraising are flipsides of the same coin from the nonprofit sponsorship-seeker's perspective, the sponsorship provider sees the act of sponsorship as a commercial profit-making venture. This is a conundrum that has wide-reaching consequences for the sector.     

The Cultural Dimensions of Negotiation: The Chinese Case

Culture is one of the major components of negotiation and plays an especially crucial role in international relations. The current state of research is presented and discussed. The type of influence of culture is specified and compared with other categories such as strategic behavior and structural determination.Then, referring to the China case, the way culture impacts on the key elements of negotiation such as actors, structures, strategies, process, and outcome is described and analyzed. Lastly, culture's consequences on the negotiator's cognition, beliefs, behaviors and identity are investigated.     

Indulgence versus Restraint: The Moderating Role of Cultural Differences on the Relationship between Corporate Social Performance and Corporate Financial Performance

Adapting to the cultural environment surrounding, a firm is of paramount importance in international marketing practices. Extant marketing literature provides meager guidance to marketers on how to adapt to cultural factors to turn corporate social responsibility strategies into financial outcomes. To address this gap, we utilize the instrumental stakeholder theory and Hofstede's cultural framework to investigate the moderating effect of indulgence versus restraint culture on the relationship between corporate social performance (CSP) and corporate financial performance (CFP). Applying a panel data regression analysis to a dataset of CSP and CFP data for 3753 firms from 43 different countries, we demonstrate that CSP has a positive effect on CFP. However, we show that CSP has a weaker effect on CFP in firms located in indulgent countries. Therefore, to generate financial outcomes, we recommend managers to allocate more resources to CSP initiatives if the firm is operating in a culturally restrained country.     

The Impact of Brand Equity and the Company's Reputation on Revenues

Abstract

This paper intends to establish the relationships among variables in corporate communications, especially between advertising and public relations, and to form an evaluation model for integrating the effects of brand equity and the company's reputation in the context of integrated marketing communications (IMC). A new approach for integrating the effects of brand equity and the company's reputation was introduced and the IMC evaluation model was specified for testing. The proposed model was tested with existing secondary data. The outcomes indicated that both brand equity and the company's reputation have significant impact on revenues and showed the positive relationship between brand equity and the company's reputation in the proposed model to justify the need of IMC in overall corporate communications.     

Multinational Corporations and Local Communities: A Critical Analysis of Conflict

As conflict between multinational corporations and local communities escalates, scholars, executives, activists, and community leaders are calling for companies to become more accountable for the impact of their activities on external stakeholders. In order for business to do so, managers must first understand the causes of conflict with local communities, and communities must understand what courses of action are available to challenge activities they deem harmful to their interests. In this article, I present a framework for examining the factors that contribute to multinational and community conflict including stakeholder power inequality, stakeholder perception gaps and cultural context. Moreover, I describe some of the ways that communities can increase their leverage in conflict situations.     

The Role of Culture in Creative Execution in Celebrity Endorsement: The Cross-Cultural Study

ABSTRACT

In advertising literature, an area rarely explored is cross-cultural studies on celebrity endorsements. A good deal may be learned from understanding how a culture's communication style can shape the type of advertising most effective for that culture. This study examines the creative styles (creative executional factors) found in the advertising of Korea and America. The two countries represent two distinct cultures—Korea being a collectivistic culture and the United States being individualistic. Both cultures affect the norms and rules that guide their inhabitants’ behavior, directly affecting communication styles. The study finds that embedded in the use of celebrity endorsement are cross-cultural characteristics. The details of these findings will be useful to international advertisers executing celebrity endorsement campaigns in different cultural settings.     

虚拟物流企业构建和谐的“外部公共关系”分析

当今时代,虚拟物流企业以其较强的市场适应能力正在被越来越多的社会组织所认识和采纳。虚拟物流企业为获取竞争优势必须构建和谐的"外部公共关系",以便促进各参与企业在激烈的竞争中有效地合理配置自己的资源,达到企业整体资源的充分利用。     

Globalization and Confrontation: The Transformation of the Australian Coal Industry

The Australian coal industry serves as a vivid illustration of the impact of globalization on workplace organization and workplace industrial relations. In this contribution we outline the changes and developments, from the organization of production through to the product market, that are impacting on workplace organization and industrial relations of the Australian coal industry. In particular the authors highlight the attempts and strategies of management to increase productivity, to realize functional and numerical flexibilities in the deployment of labour and to deregulate employment relations. Simultaneously, trade unions are faced with institutional, legal and global competitive pressures to conform to the flexibility strategies of managers. The result has been persistent and sporadic outbreaks of industrial disputation in the midst of the erosion of employment conditions and a shift towards greater managerial control of the labour process. The forces identified as globalization are systematically transforming workplace organization and impacting on the strategies of coal mine managers and trade unions.     

论企业文化对创新思维的影响

在企业发展中,企业文化对创新思维的运用具有重要的影响。企业文化有三层结构,即精神层、制度层和物质层。企业文化主要是通过这三层文化来影响人对信息的收集和加工,从而影响人创新思维的发挥和运用的。具体来说,精神文化为人对信息的收集和加工提供了价值导向,制度文化为人对信息的收集和加工提供了规范和约束,物质文化为人对信息的收集和加工提供了辅助工具。     

钢铁企业文化建设存在的问题及对策研究

企业文化是企业的经营哲学,是企业生存和发展的生命基础。钢铁企业是工业企业的排头兵,在我国国民经济中的地位和作用世人瞩目。由于近年钢铁市场形势严峻,技改任务繁重,企业生产经营面临着严峻的挑战。钢铁企业要实现可持续发展,必须加强企业文化建设,整合和创新企业文化,让先进、优秀的企业文化在企业日常经营活动中发挥作用,稳固企业发展,提高企业竞争力。     

A Common Pitch and The Management of Corporate Relations: Interpretation, Ethics and Managerialism

This paper examines how good management can repair fractured relationships within organisations, addressing problems that if left unattended will threaten the future existence of many of these companies. It analyses why there is a mood for change in management thinking, and what direction that change can take. Part of the challenge is how managers can best satisfy the objectives of corporate social responsibility initiatives, and repair organisational and fractured community relationships. A possible role for management is to examine alternative ways of thinking about the potential benefits for the organisation that can be achieved by enhancing employee relationships. In this regard, this paper offers strategies to examine management’s adverse affects on workers’ life-plans. The art of interpretation is used to expose how bureaucratic logic ignores workers’ rights and potentially damages the corporation’s longevity. Interpretation, as opposed to procedure, suggests that organisations are not simply profit mechanisms, but active and dynamic civil societies. By better understanding the facilitating processes of administrative and management thinking, it is possible that we can develop alternative strategies that empower individuals to circumvent the negative consequences of instrumental rationality and enable them to act more responsibly in the public interest. Glen Lehman is Associate Professor, School of Commerce University of South Australia. He has published articles in Philosophy and Social Criticism Accounting, organization and society as well as Critical Perspective on Accounting.     

餐饮企业的文化传承战略研究

随着社会不断地向前发展,餐饮企业文化总是处于运动变化之中。但这种变化是餐饮企业文化自身为适应其内外部的环境,而形成的一种“绝对运动”与“相对稳定”的活动过程。针对餐饮企业文化发展的这一规律,从继承优秀的传统文化、吸纳先进的外来文化两方面入手,探讨了餐饮企业文化的传承战略,从而使餐饮企业最终能够实现在继承中创新,在创新中发展的目的。     

Social Investment through Community Enterprise: The Case of Multinational Corporations Involvement in the Development of Nigerian Water Resources

This paper examines the different mechanisms used by multinational corporations (MNCs) in Nigeria seeking to make long-term social investments by meeting the critical challenge of improving water provision. Community enterprise – an increasingly common form of social enterprise, which pursues charitable objectives through business activities – may be the most effective mechanism for building local capacity in a sustainable and accountable way. Traditionally, social investments by MNCs have involved either donations to a charity, which then assumes responsibility for delivering social outcomes, or direct management of social investment in-house. These approaches have been criticized, however, for their limited contribution to local capacity building, their focus on short-term outcomes, and the restricted role that they afford to communities. Partnering with community enterprise, provided there is sufficient local capacity to support it, is the most effective mode of governance through which MNCs can manage social investments in developing countries. Dr. Emeka Nwankwo is the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Aquada Development Corporation, an infrastructure and technology development firm based in Nigeria. Nelson Phillips is the Professor of Strategy and Organizational Behavior at the Tanaka Business School, Imperial College London. Paul Tracey is a Lecturer in Enterprise at the Centre for Small and Medium Sized Enterprises, Warwick Business School, University of Warwick.     

中小企业人才流动的因素分析

员工的高流动率制约着中小企业的发展,一直是困扰企业的一个难题。中国企业要借鉴国外学者关于影响员工流动因素的研究,并从企业和员工本人两方面,深入了解影响国内中小企业人才流动的种种因素,避免一些不正常或不必要的流动,尽量减少由于员工流动给企业带来的损失。     

The Role of the Advertising Agency in the Cultural Message Content of Advertisements: A Comparison of the Middle East and the United States

ABSTRACT

This study compared responses of advertising agencies located in the Middle East and the United States to an email survey examining their approach in designing advertisements. The survey examined whether the advertising agency incorporated area-specific cultural values and advertising appeals in the execution of their advertisements. Results indicate that indeed advertising agencies do use, or at least report to use, different cultural values and advertising appeals. Advertising agencies in the Middle East tend to focus more on filial obedience, customs and traditions, loyalty to one's group, honor, and patience. In addition, agencies in the Middle East reported that they tended to portray women in a more modest fashion than their counterparts in the United States.     

反倾销:地方行业协会的优势及功能

在世贸组织框架内,我国建立应对贸易摩擦体系,必须重视发挥地方行业协会的作用。本文以分析地方行业协会的组织优势和功能优势为基础,从建立反倾销应诉机制、形成反倾销预警、促进地区产业结构升级以及培养反倾销专业人才等方面阐述了地方行业协会应对倾销与反倾销的具体功能,并就其在新形势下的提升对策做了探讨。     

Determinants of Bribery in International Business: The Cultural and Economic Factors

Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) scores for 47 countries reported by Transparency International were used to ascertain determinants of bribe taking in international business. Two sets of independent variables – economic and cultural – were used in a multiple regression analysis. Results indicate that bribe taking was more likely to be prevalent in countries with low per capita income and lower disparities in income distribution. Cultural factors such as high power distance and high masculinity in a country were also likely to be associated with high level of bribe taking. Both economic and cultural factors were important explanatory factors of bribery. Implications of the findings for combating bribery are discussed. Rajib Sanyal is an American Council of Education Fellow at George Mason University for 2004–2005, on leave from The College of New Jersey, where he is a professor of management. Dr. Sanyal has published widely, and is the author of a textbook on International Management.     

“文革”宣传画的类型及其性别传播

“文革”宣传画是我们考察这段特殊历史时期的性别观念、政策及其传播,最为生动的文本载体。它大致可以分为“革命斗争”、“生产建设”和“教文卫体”三种类型。“革命斗争”类型画作中的女性形象畸形造作,反映了女性的男性化描绘;“生产建设”类型宣传画图画了女性与男性一道参与新中国社会主义实践的美丽图景,体现了男女在工作地位上的平等;“教文卫体”宣传画全方位地再现了妇女在新中国所担任的各种职业,生动地宣传了“妇女能顶半边天”的国家政策。这些类型都从各自的功能出发,服务于新中国建设发展的国家主义实践。     

从历史视角看两岸文化教育交流对台湾民众“身份认同”影响

明清之际,两岸文化教育实现对接,台湾民众身份认同坚定趋向大陆,日据和光复时期,两岸文化教育共同体重建,台湾民众身份认同呈中国化状态。直至李登辉、陈水扁执政时期,岛内去中国化活动猖獗,台湾民众身份认同危机初显。总体上,两岸文化教育交流对台湾民众的身份认同有着决定性的影响力。修复两岸文化教育共同体,既利于消除政治及意识形态对立,也利于和平统一愿景的实现。