论供给价值和需求价值对商品价值量的现实决定--两种含义的社会必要劳动时间与商品价值量决定原理

深化劳动价值理论研究,一要深化"供给价值"因素对商品价值量决定的研究,在供给方面,要纠正流行的"劳动生产率变化只对商品使用价值总量和单位商品价值量有影响,而对商品价值总量没有影响"的观点;二要深化对第二种含义的社会必要劳动时间决定商品价值量问题的研究.依据第二种含义的社会必要劳动时间决定商品价值原理,应确立"需求价值"因素在商品价值决定中的重要地位和作用.此外,还要纠正传统的"供求不平衡时,价格会偏离价值并围绕着价值进行上下波动"的说法.     

对社会必要劳动时间含义的再思考

由于《资本论》中关于社会必要劳动时间决定价值量的问题出现过不同阐述,长期以来,学术界对社会必要劳动时间是否存在两种含义以及两种含义存在的意义进行了大量的探讨。文章用数学模型分析了在动态条件下社会必要劳动时间决定商品价值量的实现过程,并提出是平均边际社会劳动时间决定商品的价值量的观点,得出社会必要劳动时间只有一个含义的结论。     

汇率决定理论与人民币汇价改革

汇率是商品国际贸易的产物,是商品在世界市场上实现其价值与货币的国别差异之间矛盾运动的产物,所以汇率决定基础必须从支配国际贸易的规律中去寻找。由于劳动生产率,劳动强度、自然条件等差异,各国生产同一商品所耗费的必要劳动时间是有差异的,这种差异导致商品的国别价值的差异。商品进入世界市场后,有差异的国别价值转化为统一的国际价值,商品的交换以各自所具有的国际价值量的大小为基础。作为货币兑换比例的汇率是以两种货币的共同质为前提的。货币的实质是价值表现物,所以两种货币的共同质必然是同一的国际价值,因而决定汇率的基础是货币单位代表的国际价值量。     

论制度安排对商品价值量的决定和影响

在其他因素不变的情况下，资源的利用效率决定资源的需要量，从而决定第二种含义的社会必要劳动时间；资源利用效率与商品价值量成反比。制度安排决定资源的利用效率，制度建设的完善程度与单位商品价值量成反比。建立科学的制度安排体系，能够提高资源利用效率，降低商品价值量，提高社会经济福利。     

企业要重视超储商品对微观效益的影响

一元现金放在家里,常年不用,若干年后仍然是一元现金。如果一元现金存入银行,一年以后就要变成大于一元的价值,这个大于一元的货币价值量叫货币增值。货币的增值就是货币的时间价值,也就是说若干年后一元货币价值,包括货币期初的自身价值和其因时间长短而异的增值量。如果一元商品放在仓库里若干年以后卖出去,价格不变,仍只是价值量一元的商品。假定银行年利率为10％,     

也谈马克思"商品价值量与劳动生产率变动规律"--与程恩富教授、马艳副教授商榷

劳动复杂程度并不是影响劳动生产率的主观因素.把劳动复杂程度和强度当作影响劳动生产率的主观因素,不仅与现实不符,也不符合马克思反比理论的原意;社会必要劳动时间包括劳动的密度在内,而且其"现有的"重要规定就包含商品价值量纵向比较的基础;马克思关于商品价值量与劳动生产率反向运动规律的理论,是以劳动二重性学说为基础的,必须准确掌握它的全部内涵.否则将损害这一理论,从而动摇马克思的劳动价值学说.     

对战后发达资本主义国家劳动力价值量不断增长的几点看法

二次大战以后,随着资本主义经济的迅速发展,一些发达资本主义国家劳动力价值量呈不断增加的趋势。如何认识这个问题,本文就此谈点粗浅看法。人所共知,在资本主义制度下,劳动力是一种特殊的商品。它与一般商品相比较,不仅在使用价值上有其特殊性,而且在它的价值量的规定上也有其特殊性。一般商品的价值规定直     

论新技术革命条件下的商品价值量来源

随着我国改革开放的不断深入,高科技企业在我国迅速发展,高科技商品价值问题的研究也凸显重要。高科技商品的价值究竟由什么决定、价值量的来源途径是什么等问题都需要进一步研究探讨,这对于有效调动科技人员积极性,发展壮大高科技企业具有现实意义。     

破解“价值总量之谜”

有学者认为，劳动生产率的提高必然伴随着劳动强度、劳动复杂程度以及劳动密度时间的增加，进而得出了与马克思不同的结论——“成正比”，并以此来解释“价值总量之谜”。然而，通过分析可以发现，劳动生产率的提高可以增加劳动强度，但会降低劳动复杂程度，并且由资本家引入新技术的目的，可以判定劳动生产率与单位商品价值量成反比。理解劳动生产率与单位商品价值量之间的本质关系及其所表现的不同抽象层次的现象形态关系，能够给出谜团的最终解答。     

新技术革命与企业竞争

企业是社会经济的细胞，是经济活动中最基本的生活组织和经营单位。它的生存状态如何，决定着整个社会经济的发展。新技术革命带给企业的是劳动生产率的大幅度提高，新产品市场份额和巨额利润的增加。新技术革命同时还产生这样的影响和作用：劳动率的提高使生产规模扩大，单位商品价值量降低，当供大于求时，此类商品价格降低，利润空间缩小甚至消失，一些企业甚至要退出此类商品的市场，或转产或倒闭。劳动生产率的提高使商品价值量普遍降低时，由生活资料价值决定的劳动力价值下降。新技术的应用还意味着资本有机构成的提高，对活劳动的需…     

Decomposing Labor Share Movements in a Small Open Economy: The Case of Korea

Small open economies import substantial amounts of materials from abroad, the prices of which are determined in international markets. This paper presents a theoretical model that shows the potential determinants of the labor share in such economies, and, as a case study, decomposes labor share movements in Korea using a structural VAR. The VAR estimates the effect of materials price changes on the labor share as well as the effect of other potential factors. It is found that a rise in materials prices lowers the labor share; the short-run contribution of materials price fluctuations to labor share movements can be quite large whereas their long-run contribution is modest.     

Do Imported Commodities Cause Inflation in China? An Armington Substitution Elasticity Analysis

Based on the perspective of Armington substitution elasticity, this article researches the price transmission effect of China’s imported commodities. First, this article focuses on the theory of Armington substitution elasticity of nonhomogeneous products and then estimates the overall level of Armington substitution elasticity of China’s imported commodities. Second, this article studies the fluctuation trend in Armington substitution elasticity’s estimations using a state space model. The results of this article indicate that the value of Armington substitution elasticity of China’s imported commodities is negative and decreased significantly after the international financial crisis, which means that the relationship between China’s imported commodities and domestic products is complementary rather than substitutional. Moreover, this article finds evidence of the price transmission effect in China’s imported commodities. However, this effect is not obvious and weakened after the international financial crisis. Finally, we conclude that, if it wishes to prevent serious inflationary problems in China, the Chinese government should pay attention to the price of domestic products instead of focusing on the hazards of imported inflation (deflation).     

Output and employment in a macro model with discrete transaction costs

The paper develops a macro model for determining output and employment when discrete transaction costs exist for paying wages and for purchasing commodities. Household labor supply is a function of an effective real wage, which modifies the apparent real wage to take account of the length of the payment period and the costs associated with buying and holding commodities. Firm labor demand is derived in a model where there are lumpy payroll costs associated with making wage payments. The behavior of households and firms is brought together in a market-clearing framework to determine the values of the real wage, employment and output, as well as the time intervals between wage payments and purchases of commodities. The effects of changes in the transaction and holding cost parameters are then examined by comparative-static techniques. An increase in any of these cost parameters turns out to reduce output and the amount of labor employed in production, but also tends to raise the amount of labor absorbed by the process of transacting. The tendency of transaction labor to move in the opposite direction from production labor implies that the net effects on total work are ambiguous.     

The cyclicality of the user cost of labor

The user cost of labor is the expected difference between the present discounted value of wages paid to a worker hired in the current period and that paid to a worker hired in the next period. Analogous to the price of any long-term asset, the user cost, not wage, is the relevant price for a firm that is considering adding a worker. I construct its counterpart in the data and estimate that it is substantially more procyclical than average wages or wages of newly hired workers. I demonstrate an application of the finding using the textbook search and matching model.     

Real price and wage rigidities with matching frictions

Frictional unemployment means that workers, for some time, are a firm-specific factor of production. This paper models the resulting interaction of wage bargaining and price setting at the firm level in a New Keynesian model with labor market matching frictions. Real rigidities arise and the labor share ceases to be a good proxy for marginal costs. The model replicates the impulse responses of an SVAR for U.S. data better than alternatives in which the real rigidities arising at the firm level are absent. In addition, it implies reasonably low degrees of nominal rigidity whereas the alternatives do not. The interaction of wage and price setting at the firm level is important for the macroeconomic dynamics.     

Price Stability in Economies with Habit Persistence

This paper shows that the divine‐coincidence does not hold in a sticky price model with external habit if a time‐varying tax rate on labor income is not implemented to fully eliminate the time‐varying distortions associated with external habit and monopoly power in goods market. The required labor income tax rate is inversely related to the risk‐free real interest rate and the markup in the goods market, but it is proportional to the degree of external habit. Under this circumstance, the optimal monetary policy commands a countercyclical interest rate, having a perfect negative correlation with tax rate in the sticky price model with external habit. If a time‐invariant tax is the only fiscal instrument, then the degree of external habit entails a gap between the private marginal rate of substitution between consumption and labor and the social marginal rate of substitution, generating an endogenous trade‐off between the stabilization of welfare‐relevant output gap and inflation. Under this circumstance, price stability is not the optimal policy. The monetary policy authority should optimally try to undo the time‐varying distortions associated with external habit and monopoly power in goods market by deviating from price stability.     

Search Frictions,Real Rigidities,and Inflation Dynamics

The literature on New Keynesian models with search frictions in the labor market commonly assumes that price setters are not actually subject to such frictions. Here, I propose a model where firms are subject both to infrequent price adjustment and search frictions. This interaction gives rise to real price rigidities, which have the effect of slowing down the adjustment of the price level to shocks. This has a number of consequences for equilibrium dynamics. First, inflation becomes less volatile and more persistent. More importantly, the model’s empirical performance improves along its labor market dimensions, such as the size of unemployment fluctuations and the relative volatility of the two margins of labor.     

加入工会能有效改善职工工作条件吗

工会是劳动力市场的重要调节机制。本文基于中国社会综合调查数据,采用倾向值匹配方法来控制样本选择偏误,并利用自抽样进行统计推断,以克服小样本偏误,试图回答工会组织对职工工作条件的影响。研究结果显示:整体而言,加入工会可以明显地改善职工的工作条件。进一步研究发现,加入工会对体制内部门职工的工作条件有显著的改善作用,而对体制外部门职工工作条件的改善作用并不明显。此外,工会对职工工作条件的改善作用会随着市场化程度的影响而逐渐弱化。上述结果意味着中国工会组织对收入机制具有影响作用,通过夏普利值过程的回归分解发现,工会对职工小时收入差距和年收入差距的贡献率分别为4.53%和9.77%。     

An analysis of time-varying commodity market price discovery

We propose a model of time-varying price discovery based on a rolling-window error correction framework. We show that price discovery in nine commodities is dominated by the spot market, while, in only six commodities, price discovery is dominated by the futures market. Our findings, therefore, challenge the well-established view in commodity markets that it is the futures market which dominates the price discovery process. We also show the economic significance of price discovery through a portfolio construction and hedging strategy.