欧盟国家农业遥感应用及其启示

[目的]文章旨在对以遥感为代表的现代空间信息技术在欧盟国家农业中的应用领域进行梳理,分析欧盟国家数字农业和精准农业发展现状以及欧盟农业远景规划中的遥感工作计划,以期为我国加快数字农业发展提供参考建议。[方法]该文通过实地考察、文献整理及总结归纳,对欧盟国家农情遥感监测、农地综合管理、农业生产应用、灾害应急评价以及数字农业发展计划等方面的遥感应用研究进行综述。[结果]在数字摄影测量系统(DPS)、全球定位系统(GPS)、遥感(RS)、地理信息系统(GIS)和作物专家系统(ES)组成的"5S"技术体系支撑下,欧盟国家精准农业生产方式基本形成,并对发展数字农业、智慧农业拟定了研究规划。[结果]与欧盟国家相比,我国农业现代化在遥感技术支撑方面较为滞后,需着重推进数字农业发展规划编制、农业政策执行效果核查、遥感等大数据技术应用、全球农业监测体系建设、数字农业政府示范引导以及农业遥感新型实用技术创新六方面工作,加强农业空间信息应用,提高农业数字化水平。     

无人机摄影测量与遥感产业创新

国家对自然资源统一监管和生态环境保护治理提出了新的要求,大力推进信息化建设,加大卫星遥感、无人机、大数据等技术应用,为航空摄影测量与遥感产业发展提供了良好机遇。本文结合无人机摄影测量与遥感产业发展实践,对拓展无人机摄影测量与遥感产业领域、服务生态文明建设进行了分析。     

数字经济背景下我国农业发展问题及对策研究

党的十八大以来，数字经济的热度居高不下，以习近平同志为核心的党中央将数字经济上升为国家战略，并提出了建设数字中国的重要目标。文章分析了数字经济对农业生产环节、物流环节、销售环节、售后服务环节产生的影响，探索了数字经济如何赋能农业生产方式变革，对推进数字经济与农业融合路径具有理论和实践意义。     

数字农技推广服务促进了农户绿色生产技术选择吗——基于黄河流域3省微观调查数据北大核心

本文利用鲁陕晋三省1475份农户数据，以测土配方技术、节水灌溉技术和病虫害综合防治三种绿色生产技术选择为例，分析数字农技推广服务对农户绿色生产技术选择的影响及作用机理。研究发现：(1)与未使用数字农技推广服务的农户相比，使用该服务对绿色生产技术选择概率明显提高48%左右，使用频率越高，对绿色生产技术选择的影响程度越深；(2)数字农技推广服务正向影响农户绿色生产技术选择的积极性和采用规模，并再次运用IV Probit解决潜在内生性和其他统计性偏误问题后，证明上述结果仍整体稳健；(3)数字农技推广服务影响农户绿色生产技术选择，主要是通过降低信息成本渠道中的搜寻成本、谈判成本和获取成本三种机制实现。当前数字农技推广服务改变了农户信息获取方式，加快了农户对绿色生产技术的选择与应用，是成功推进农村农业绿色发展和转型的重要考量因素。     

AI影像：颠覆“摄影”，且不止于摄影

<正>尽管AI颠覆了我们看图像的价值观，但是，摄影有很多地方AI是替代不了的。比如说去现场，这永远是摄影在做的，独属于现场的力量感的也是取代不了的最近，南京传媒学院摄影学院副教授郭现中与著名摄影评论家海杰展开了一次学术研讨，讨论了时下摄影人都在热议的AI影像的价值和影响。文字发表后引起了学界和业界的广泛关注和议论，对未来的摄影和摄影教育，乃至相关领域都有一定的借鉴意义。     

数字普惠金融对城乡收入差距的影响研究

为了研究数字普惠金融对城乡收入的影响，用标准泰尔指数测量全国31个省份（除港澳台外）的城乡居民收入差距，运用固定效应面板模型、逐步回归的方法分析我国2015—2020年数字普惠金融与城乡居民收入差距的关系。结果表明，数字普惠金融指数、城市化水平和财政支出偏倚对城乡收入差距的影响与产业结构对城乡收入差距的影响相反。我国需要深化金融体制改革，大力发展数字科技，推动数字普惠化金融服务的发展，进而缩小城乡收入差距。     

为加快建设农业强国提供坚实金融支撑——关于数字技术对农业与金融双重影响的观察

数字技术作为生产要素应用于农业与金融，是具有革命性的创新。从农业的角度观察，数字技术有效克服了资源环境对农业发展的约束，对提升农业生产效率意义重大。从金融的角度观察，数字技术改变了金融供需关系，传统的基于财产抵押获取金融供给的方式逐渐转变为基于信用获取供给，实现了供需平衡，很大程度上改善了农村金融环境。本文着眼于数字技术对农业经济运行和农村金融事业发展的影响，基于实践和理论层面的观察，提出数字金融服务于农业强国应瞄准的关键领域，以及在数字金融的发展过程中需要政府有所作为的重点方向。     

突出三个重点 加快数字转型

<正>江苏省盐城市是畜禽养殖大市，生猪、家禽等主要畜禽产品总量连续多年位列全省首位。近年来，盐城市委市政府大力实施农业数字化整市推进工程，畜牧业以数字生产、数字服务、数字监管为重点，不断提升养殖场智能化水平，积极构建畜产品质量数字监管体系，为畜禽稳产保供和畜牧业高质量发展作出了积极贡献。     

基层粮食统计工作浅议

国家对粮食的决策和宏观调控，离不开粮食统计的数字资料。无论是粮食系统内的粮食购、销、库存，还是社会的粮食统计，夏、秋粮食产量调查，粮食价格监测等，都来源于基层粮所统计人员之手。     

直流数字电压表设计与Proteus应用

单片机的数字电压表具有测量精度高、速度快,读数方便等优点,在电子及电工的测量、工业自动化仪表、自动测试系统等智能化测量领域有广泛应用。Proteus应用于电子类产品设计、仿真,可缩短产品开发周期。文中以直流数字电压表设计为例,运用Proteus软件完成其开发设计,满足了设计要求。     

Exploring the relationship between information and communication technology (ICT) and productivity: Evidence from Australian farms

The relationship between information and communication technology (ICT) and farm productivity remains unresolved and often debated with limited evidence. While ICT is generally accepted by many to be a positive driver of productivity, others question it. Realistically, truth is likely somewhere in between. Certain ICT investments are likely to facilitate productivity improvement, whereas others may offer some other benefits such as improved safety or reduced emissions. It is also undeniable that some ICT investments may fail or offer little more than a temporary novelty. Using a sample of Australian farm-level data, analysis in this paper finds a positive relationship between ICT investment and productivity. Specifically, the use of precision agriculture and machinery infused with ICT (such as GPS autosteering tractors) is found to be statistically significant. Moreover, digital internet access or access to the National Broadband Network (NBN) is found to be beneficial—and conversely, farms that reported mobile and internet connectivity problems tended to achieve lower productivity.     

农业数字化转型对农业绿色增长的影响

目的 农业绿色发展是实现农业高质量发展的重要途径,研究农业数字化转型的绿色增长效应具有现实意义。方法 文章选取2013—2019年中国省级面板数据,运用熵值法和SBM_GML指数分别测算了数字农业和农业绿色全要素生产率指标,使用固定效应模型、中介效应模型和门槛效应模型等方法,实证研究了农业数字化转型对农业绿色增长的影响及作用路径。结果 （1）农业数字化转型对农业绿色增长有显著的促进作用,且该效应在沿海地区大于内陆地区、在非粮食主产区大于粮食主产区。（2）农业数字化转型通过绿色技术创新、农业规模化经营和农业种植结构调整作用于农业绿色增长。（3）淘宝村集聚和数字普惠金融在农业数字化转型与农业绿色增长间存在显著门槛效应,随着阈值区间的提高,农业数字化转型对农业绿色增长的影响呈现出先缩小后扩大“正Ｕ型”关系。结论 贯彻绿色发展理念,围绕农业绿色增长实施农业数字化转型发展策略,推动农业可持续发展。     

The fourth industrial revolution,agricultural and rural innovation,and implications for public policy and investments: a case of India

The Indian Government and public–private partnerships are developing and disseminating a dizzying number of innovative, networked solutions, broadly known as the Digital India initiative, to increase the efficiency of safety nets and worker productivity and to improve life. Yet, challenges to turn the power of information and other technologies into a farmer‐friendly technological revolution for India's 156 million rural households are considerable, including: (1) reliable, up‐to‐date, location‐specific message content for a diverse agriculture to help stratified households shift to productive, knowledge‐intensive agriculture as a business—government, private sector, and civil society have big roles to play; (2) digital literacy, i.e., teaching farmers how to choose and use apps, even where the digital divide is absent; apps are, or soon to be, in regional languages; and (3) monitoring actual use and impacts on users’ lives by understanding the adoption and adaptation processes. These challenges call for bottom‐up, complementary investments in physical, human, and institutional capital, and farmer‐friendly e‐platforms, while forging ahead with many top‐down policy and institutional reforms currently underway, in which progress is real and constraints holding back greater success are better understood.     

Productivity of Agricultural Labour and Land: An International Comparison

This paper examines partial agricultural land and labour productivity in 1975 and 1980, for different world regions. The results suggest that land and labour productivity are higher in developed countries relative to developing countries. However, agricultural labour productivity differences are more marked than those for agricultural land productivity. The productivity values for 1975 and 1980 indicate a widening of productivity differences, more so in the case of agricultural labour than land. The paper also proposes an alternative approach to estimating agricultural land and labour productivity. This approach, which regresses agricultural labour productivity on a given level of agricultural land productivity, suggests a narrowing of agricultural land productivity differences, relative to the initial approach, across Africa, Asia and Europe during the 1975-1980 period. A brief discussion of the agricultural development policy implications of the results concludes the paper.     

森林生态经济生产力与林业生产发展

从生产力和生态经济生产力的定义出发,分析了森林自然生产力、森林经济生产力与社会生产力之间的关系,给出了森林生态经济生产力的定义,提出了森林生态经济生产力的构成。同时,还对林业经济学科的研究对象、生态经济系统、森林生态经济系统进行全面分析,并以此为基础提出了加强森林经营的四点建议。     

Productivity growth and convergence in crop, ruminant, and nonruminant production: measurement and forecasts

Projections of future productivity growth rates in agriculture are an essential input for a great variety of tasks, ranging from development of an outlook for global commodity markets to the analysis of interactions between land use, deforestation, and ecological diversity. Yet solid projections for these variables have proven elusive—particularly on a global basis. This is due, in no small part, to the difficulty of measuring historical total factor productivity growth. Consequently, most productivity projections are based on partial factor productivity measures that can be quite misleading. The purpose of this work is to provide worldwide forecasts of agricultural productivity growth till the year 2040 based on the latest time series evidence on total factor productivity growth for crops, ruminants, and nonruminant livestock. The results suggest that most regions in the sample are likely to experience larger productivity gains in livestock than in crops. Within livestock, the nonruminant sector is expected to continue to be more dynamic than the ruminant sector. Given the rapid rates of productivity growth observed recently, nonruminant and crop productivity in developing countries may be converging to the productivity levels of developed countries. For ruminants, the results show that productivity levels in developing countries are likely to be diverging from those in developed countries.     

中国木材加工与制品企业生产率分析——基于随机前沿模型

利用2000～2007年中国木材加工与制品企业层面的微观数据,使用随机前沿模型分析企业生产率的动态发展过程及影响因素。研究结果表明:平均来看,各行业的企业生产率都呈现出上升趋势,木制品制造企业生产率平均值最高,企业经营年限、规模、研发投入对中国木材加工与制品企业生产率的提升有促进作用,国有企业生产率较低,而外资企业生产率表现较突出。     

Measuring farm productivity under production uncertainty

This research introduces a novel empirical application to the assessment of farm productivity growth. While the existing research on productivity change has primarily focussed on ex post output observations, it has been shown that ignoring production uncertainty can lead to unreliable results. Using a state-contingent framework to represent the stochastic production environment, we extend the recent line of research that merged the state-contingent approach and efficiency measurement to productivity change using the Malmquist and Luenberger productivity indices. Using a balanced panel of 117 arable crop farms surveyed in 2011 and 2015, we show through the study results that productivity decreased, with technological regress being the major source of productivity change. Differences in productivity change between nonstochastic and stochastic modelling show the relevance to consider the state-contingent framework when assessing farms' productivity.     

Land use dynamics in the central highlands of Vietnam: a spatial model combining village survey data with satellite imagery interpretation

The paper investigates geo‐physical, agro‐ecological, and socio‐economic determinants of past land use change in two districts of Dak Lak province in the Central Highlands of Vietnam and assesses the influence of rural development policies on land cover change. Landsat satellite images from the years 1975, 1992 and 2000 are interpreted to detect land cover in two time periods. A survey in randomly selected villages provides primary recall data on socio‐economic and policy variables hypothesised to influence land use change. Secondary data on rainfall, soil suitability, and topography was obtained from meteorological stations and from a digital soil map and digital elevation model. All data were spatially referenced using geographic information systems (GIS) software. A reduced‐form, multinomial logit model is used to estimate the influence of hypothesised determinants on land use and the probabilities that a certain pixel has one of five land classes during either of the two periods. Results suggest that the first period from 1975 to 1992 was characterised by land‐intensive agricultural expansion and the conversion of forest into grass and agricultural land. During the second period, since 1992, the rapid, more labour‐ and capital‐intensive growth in the agricultural sector was enabled by the introduction of fertiliser, improved access to rural roads and markets, and expansion of the irrigated area. These policies, combined with the introduction of protected forest areas and policies discouraging shifting cultivation during the second period reduced the pressure on forests while at the same time increasing agricultural productivity and incomes for a growing population. Forest cover during the second period mainly increased due to the regeneration of areas formerly used for shifting cultivation.     

Agricultural input subsidies,extension services,and farm labour productivity nexus: Evidence from maize farmers in Tanzania

This paper examines the effect of agricultural input subsidies (AIS) and agricultural extension services (AES) on farm labour productivity in plots planted with maize in Tanzania, using panel data from the National Panel Survey in Tanzania. To control for the endogeneity of the two programmes, a control function and instrumental variable approach is used to estimate the effects of AIS and AES on farm labour productivity. The results show that AIS and AES are significant in raising labour productivity in maize-planted plots. Similarly, AIS and AES are also effective in increasing land productivity in these plots. Moreover, each programme has comparable effects on land productivity and farm labour productivity. These findings imply that public investments in AIS and AES are effective in raising farm productivity.