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1.
Frank A. Haight 《Metrika》1959,2(1):186-197
Summary In this paper we consider a queue in which a person, having joined, may decide to leave and give up service if it appears
that the time consumed will exceed some maximum which he has available. Specifically, three problems are treated: a) How to
make a rational (sequential) decision while waiting in the queue, b) the probable effect of this decision, and c) the behavior
of a queue in which all persons are employing such a procedure.
Zusammenfassung Dieser Bericht behandelt eine “Schlange”, in der ein sich dieser “Schlange” angeschlossener Mensch entschlie?t, seinen Platz und die Bedienung aufzugeben wenn es ihm scheint, da? die notwendige Zeit ein ihm zur Verfügung stehendes Maximum überschreiten wird. Insbesondere werden drei Probleme diskutiert: a) Wie man eine rationale (sequentielle) Entscheidung trifft, w?hrend man in einer “Schlange” wartet, b) der wahrscheinliche Effekt einer solchen Entscheidung, c) das Benehmen einer “Schlange”, in dem alle Menschen ein solches Verfahren gebrauchen würden.相似文献
2.
Jeffrey A. Mello 《Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal》2009,21(1):37-49
As union membership has continued to decline steadily in the US, union organizers have become more creative and vigilant with
their organizing strategies. Chief among these strategies has been “salting,” a process by which unions attempt to organize
employees from the inside rather than the outside. The Supreme Court has ruled that, under the National Labor Relations Act,
“salts” cannot be discriminated against solely on the basis of their status as salts. This paper examines employer responses
to resist salting efforts, including a recent decision by the National Labor Relations Board, which redefines the landscape
under which salting activities can be conducted and considered protected activity. 相似文献
3.
Anna Vári 《Quality and Quantity》1991,25(1):1-17
Problem formulation is the most critical phase of the decision making process. This, particularly in the case of high level
multi-stakeholder problems, is not trivial, as the problems do not come “neatly packaged”.
The procedure presented in this paper aims to support (i) the exploration of the stakeholders' mental constructs, and (ii)
the generation, comparison and synthesis of alternative problem formulations. The suggested procedure — while using the decision
analytic approach of the traditional text analysis procedures, follows an inverse, bottom-up direction of analysis: first
the individual arguments inherent in the text are explored, then taking them as a starting point, the structures behind the
arguments are identified. 相似文献
4.
Economics of Governance - In China, “democratic centralism” complicates horizontal and vertical bargaining among politicians. Higher-level cadres need to consider not only... 相似文献
5.
Ram Narasimhan Santosh Mahapatra Jan Stentoft Arlbjørn 《Operations Management Research》2008,1(1):24-30
Supplier relationship management and supplier development initiatives assume a fundamental role in enterprise supply chain
management. An important aspect of effective supplier relationship management is the role of trust. This paper seeks to understand
whether supplier relationship management or supplier development initiative should be emphasized as a firm strives to achieve
superior supplier performance. The analysis and discussion draws upon sourcing strategy literature and is based on empirical
survey-data of mid to upper level managers with responsibility for supply management initiatives in their respective organizations
in Denmark and in the USA. It examines the interrelationships among “relational norms”, “trust”, “supplier development initiatives”
and ensuing “supplier performance”. The data analysis shows that firms must emphasize relation and trust building activities
before investing in supplier development initiative. Supplier perception audits must be routinely performed to gauge the level
of trust and strength of relational norms. 相似文献
6.
全球化竞争日益激烈,企业与企业间的竞争已经演变成供应链与供应链之间的竞争,敏捷供应链在这样的环境下,相比精益供应链有更多的竞争优势。本文结合模糊逻辑以及层次分析法,提出一个新的评价供应链敏捷性的方法,通过此方法不仅可以对供应链敏捷性进行评价,还可以通过其结果分析发现敏捷供应链的弱点和急需改善的方向,为供应链的优化和发展提供了理论依据。 相似文献
7.
PD Dr. E. von Collani 《Metrika》1988,35(1):145-159
Summary In this paper a unified approach to optimal process control is developed, which leads to relatively simple and rather general
objective functions for optimization. These two features “simplicity” and “generality” are the basis for the development of
powerful algorithms and nomograms to determine approximately optimal solutions.
Research supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. 相似文献
8.
Development is related not only to production and increase in per capita income but also to social, cultural and political
improvements. The purpose of development is that individuals would live long, healthy and happy lives thanks to economic development
of society. From this perspective, it is obvious that the human factor is fundamental to the concept of development. This
study examines the most important element in human development—health. As health indicators, it uses the health perspectives
in the United Nations millennium development goals that are “reduce child mortality”, “improve maternal health” and “combat
HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases”. In the study, European Union (EU) member states and candidate country Turkey are compared
in terms of health related goals among millennium development goals by using Multidimensional scaling and Cluster analysis.
Initially, countries with similar and dissimilar health indicators are mapped in multidimensional space by multidimensional
scaling analysis. Further, the same method is used to reveal similar and dissimilar health indicators among countries. Then,
the findings are compared using Cluster analysis and are identified to be similar. 相似文献
9.
Jonathan P. Aus 《Quality and Quantity》2009,43(2):173-183
This article highlights one of the major benefits of qualitative comparative methodology as applied within a “small-N” research design, namely its potential use for specifying the scope conditions of (theoretically competing) causal mechanisms.
It is argued that the identification of set-theoretic relationships, multiple paths, and analytic efforts in typological mapping
can make valuable contributions to the elaboration and further development of middle-range theory. 相似文献
10.
针对西安康复路商圈物流服务滞后于批发市场发展的问题,结合AHP和SWOT分析法探讨在商圈建设过程中最合理的物流发展策略。在实地调研的基础上,分析了商圈物流发展所面临的优势、劣势、机会和威胁,建立了总体系统层次分析评价指标体系。进而求解各层次指标的权重,通过SWOT四边形策略选择方法确定了四种备选方案。分析结果建议,在建设康复路商圈的过程中应发挥人流量较大、商业气氛浓的优势,把握先进现代物流服务理念的机会。 相似文献
11.
At present time the ISP (Internet Service Provider) already make a great impact to the human life as well as the economic
society, everything has a close relation with the internet service and due to the fast development of information technology
further lower the cost of ISP and improved the service speed as well as its quality. All of this make the customer layer of
ISP more popular than before and thus bring up the fierce competition in this industry. Due to the entry barrier of high investment
and high technology of ISP industry it has become as a monopoly market and the monopoly market is very respect the competition
and cooperation relationship with competitors. Besides, most of the relevant literature in the past is focus on the measurement
and analysis of customer to the self-company and few of them mention how to include the satisfaction of competitor’s customer
into measurement and analysis. As golden strategy stated in the Sun-Tze Strategic: “Know yourself and know your competitor
well, winning every war.” we must consider the strength, weakness, opportunity and threat on customer satisfaction of your
company and competitors. Base on the above motivation, this article will apply the DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve,
Control) methodology of 6-Sigma, focus on the viewpoint of customer satisfaction of ISP industry. At first we utilize the
5 equal scale measurement define the network quality item of ISP, which provided by the self-company and competitors. And
measuring the degree of “satisfaction” and “importance” of these quality items, then use the performance evaluation matrix
and strength and weakness matrix to analyze the Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threat of self and competitors, focus
on the quality items that fall out of the 2 sigma and use the strength–weakness strategic chart to establish the improvement
strategy. And at last, utilize the strength–weakness matrix chart as the control tool to verify and sustain the effectiveness
of the improved performance. The complete and easy measurement improvement model provided in this article can be used by the
enterprise to effectively and quickly evaluating and analyzing the service quality of self and competitors. And under the
reasonable cost condition with considering the competing opportunity and threat of market to effectively improving the customer
service quality and promoting the overall customer satisfaction and create powerful high value-added quality competition strength. 相似文献
12.
The article examines whether the US threat perceptions defined in terms of federal government national defense outlays in
billions of constant (FY 2000) dollars change along with periodical changes in international politics between 1945 and 2007.
Three different models affecting direction of the US defense expenditures are developed. The first model are estimated by
using five link functions even though results of only two of them, complementary log–log and cauchit, are presented. As complementary
log–log produced the best results, others models are predicted by using only this function. The parameter estimates of complementary
log–log function for the first model indicate that four of these variables (Ford, Carter, Reagan and Bush Sr.) out of eleven
are significant in the category of presidents. “Truman Docrtrine/Cominform”, “Korean War”, “Vietnam War”, and “Invasion of
Iraq” also seem to be the important independent variables on empirical grounds for the first model. While “Party”, “Invasion
of Iraq”, “Vietnam War”, “Korean War”, and “Cuban Missile Crisis” constitute the important independent variables on empirical
grounds for the second model, “Korean War”, “Vietnam War”, “Invasion of Iraq”, “Truman Docrtrine/Cominform”, “The Cold War
and New World Order”, and “Cuban Missile Crisis” are important independent variables on empirical grounds for the third model.
Estimations based on these three models therefore suggest that aforementioned independent variables do indeed have effect
on the US defense expenditures. 相似文献
13.
N. K. Jaiswal 《Metrika》1961,4(1):107-125
Summary Time dependent solution of the queuing system characterized by a general independent input, exponential service time distribution
and a finite waiting space, has been first investigated by using the “phase method”. On finding the waiting room full, the
customers then arriving may be turned away or the first customer may wait outside and the input process may be stopped till
the customer then being served, completes its service. Steady state solutions of both these problems have been obtained and
the difference in the operational behaviour of the two systems has been pointed out. For a 2-Erlang arrival distribution,
the queuing parameters have been evaluated for different values ofρ
r
andN. 相似文献
14.
This paper suggests that any examination of the “pecking order” hypothesis must consider the possibility that a firm's level
of information asymmetry is related to the type of security it issues. The empirical results show that, on average, firms
issuing common stock exhibit higher information asymmetry levels (as proxied by financial analysts' earnings forecast errors)
than do firms issuing debt. However, after controlling for information asymmetry, abnormal returns to common stock announcements
remain significantly less than those of debt issues which supports the existence of a “pecking order” in capital procurement. 相似文献
15.
Dr. Herbert Basler 《Metrika》1987,34(1):287-322
Summary The so-called Exact Test of R. A. Fisher for comparing two probabilitiesp
1 andp
2 in a Fourfold-Table with small cell frequencies is known as a UMPU-Test. But in practice the test is used in a nonrandomized,
often tabulated version.
Given a certain level of significanceα it is shown: the critical region of this nonrandomized test, referred to as “Fisher 1”, can be enlarged considerably. For
instance for all sample-size-sums up to 20 andα=0.01 the total number of points in the critical regions of “Fisher 1” is 552 whereas the analogous number of the new version
“Fisher 2” is 788. The size of tables for “Fisher 2” can be reduced considerably because the main parts of the critical regions
can be described by the aid of some Chi-square-test versions. In particular Yates’ continuity-correction turns out to be always
conservative in the above mentioned region relative to “Fisher 2” whereas this is not strictly true relative to “Fisher 1”.
相似文献
16.
Iñigo Iturbe-Ormaetxe 《Review of Economic Design》1997,3(1):45-55
I study a model where personal income is a function of two different groups of individual characteristics, called “talent”
and “effort” respectively. The distinction between these two groups is that society has taken the prior decision that the
influence of traits from the first group needs to be moderated by any fair redistribution mechanism while differences in income
due to traits from the second group must be preserved. I present two solutions that satisfy several intuitive properties of
fairness and I use these properties to characterize both of them.
Received: 29 October 1995 / Accepted: 6 January 1997 相似文献
17.
The paper deals with some new indices for ordinal data that arise from sample surveys. Their aim is to measure the degree
of concentration to the “positive” or “negative” answers in a given question. The properties of these indices are examined.
Moreover, methods for constructing confidence limits for the indices are discussed and their performance is evaluated through
an extensive simulation study. Finally, the values of the indices defined and their confidence intervals are calculated for
an example with real data.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
18.
Global supplier selection is a multi-goal multi-criteria problem which needs to consider both qualitative and quantitative
factors. Which suppliers are the best and how much should be purchased from the selected suppliers is an important purchasing
issue for manufacturers. Traditionally, decision makers can determine the best supplier from evaluating few suppliers with
qualitative supplier selection criteria by using fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP), but evaluate dozens of global suppliers
simultaneously or determine the order quantity from them will be complex and difficult. Meanwhile, decision makers can determine
the order quantity form the suitable suppliers by using fuzzy goal programming (FGP); however, it is not easy to decide weights
for each goal of global supplier selection with different supply chain strategies. This study integrated the FAHP and FGP
(FAHP-FGP) method to be a new approach for global supplier selection in considering the manufacturer’s supply chain strategies.
With FAHP-FGP method, the manufacturer can consistently integrate multi-manager’ opinions in determining weights of each goal
and obtain the order quantities for suitable suppliers based on manufacturer’s strategies. To demonstrate the usefulness of
the proposed method, a real-world case of a digital consumer products manufacturer is presented. 相似文献
19.
The purpose of this study is to explore the correlation between adolescent participation in leisure activity, its benefits,
and coping with stress. Questionnaire surveys and structural equation model (SEM) were used for testing, and the analytical
results showed that the model has good fit. The main findings of this study are: (1) youth participation in leisure activity
would positively influence benefits of leisure activity; (2) participation in leisure activity has a significant positive
correlation to adolescent coping with stress; (3) benefits of leisure activity has a significant positive influence on coping
with stress. Research results showed that among participation in leisure activity, “kinetic activity” is the most important
element for adolescent choice; among benefits of leisure activity, “enrich the quality of life” and “enhance self-worth” are
most emphasized by adolescents. In terms of coping with stress, adolescents generally use “avoidance coping.” According to
the research results, it is suggested that under the current social and cultural framework, promotion of adolescent participation
in leisure activity can help them increase avoidance coping when faced with stress. 相似文献
20.
This paper examines the ways in which the number of item nonresponses is determined by social distance and/or interview rapport,
with a focus on responses of “refusal” and “don’t know”, implying the respondent’s lack of willingness and ability to provide
substantive responses to sensitive questions. The data analyzed were from 39 self- administered questions concerning sexual
attitudes and behaviors in the 2002 Taiwan Social Change Survey for module “Family and Changing Gender Role”. Poisson Regression
in 2-level Hierarchical Linear Model was employed to enhance the accuracy of the analysis of the accumulation of “don’t know”
and “refusal” responses. The results showed that respondent cooperation significantly decreased the number of both “don’t
know” and “refusal” replies. The decrease was not conditioned by any kind of social distance. Age and education distances
have respectively negative and positive effect on the number of “don’t know” and “refusal” answers. The married–married interview
produced more “don’t know” and “refusal” than other paired interview types. The larger the ethnicity distance is, the more
“refusal” appears. The substantial findings imply that the effects of social-distance and rapport (respondent cooperation)
on the number of item nonresponses deserve more attention in research on survey methodology. The divergent findings on gender-distance
effect and marital-status effect, however, call for replication studies in the future. 相似文献