探讨中美纺织品服装的特保摩擦原因

从2009年1月1日起,中美纺织品服装配额取消,我国纺织品的出口进入了自由贸易阶段.但针对中国纺织品服装的特保措施仍然存在,中国纺织行业仍应该警惕中美新一轮的中美纺织品服装特保摩擦.本文从三个方面--特保措施、中国纺织行业及经贸--来分析可能诱导中关特保摩擦的原因,借此希望对中国纺织企业有所参考.     

欧美对华纺织品“特保”机制及实践

此前一度白热化的中欧、中美围绕对中国纺织品出口设限的争端以中欧达成谅解备忘录而得到缓解。纺织品贸易一体化之后中国纺织品出口并非一路畅通,纺织品“特保”机制给国内盲目扩张的纺织品出口企业和盲目乐观的业界人士和相关政府官员、行业协会一个强烈的信号：加入 WTO 和纺织品贸易一体化远非自由化。     

与中国纺织品有关的"特保措施"解读与评价

"特保措施"是一种不同于一般保障措施的贸易保护手段,中国入世承诺中接受"特保措施"是中国入世所付出的代价。这些"特保措施"一旦被其他成员方利用来限制中国产品出口,将极不利于我国经济的发展。与我国出口贸易第一大户--纺织品有关的"特保措施",包括了《中国入世议定书》第16条与《中国入世工作组报告》规定的两种期限不一的"特保措施"。本文旨在对这两种"特保措施"的规则进行比较分析与评价,希望能对中国纺织品行业应对可能被其他成员方广泛采用的"特保措施"有所助益。     

对特保条款的历史性反思

美国针对中国输美轮胎的“特保案”是近年最大的一宗中关贸易争端,也是美方最为强硬的一次行动.面对全球贸易保护主义抬头,应当重新反思特保条款.对特保条款的历史性反思会使我们从另一个角度深刻认识特保条款的实质.特保条款的发展过程反映了特保条款因时代不同及对象国不同而大有区别,是不符合WTO基本原则和精神的条款.     

“特保”措施造成的双输风险及其政策建议

为了减少中国纺织品低价出口美国给美国纺织行业带来的负面影响,美国对中国纺织业采取了各种特保措施;中国也自觉地对本国纺织品的出口征收了关税,然而双方的措施并不能根本解决问题。本文试图从双方的措施进行分析,说明中美在纺织品贸易上的这些表面措施只是饮鸩止渴,实质上的双输风险正在加大,并借此对中美纺织品贸易中应采取的正确态度和措施提出相应的建议。     

特保惹出的贸易争端

去年下半年，哥伦比亚连续频繁使用特别保障措施（以下简称“特保”）限制中国纺织品等商品进口。对于以特保和通关限制措施为主要内容的中哥贸易争端，中国商务部、海关总署、外交部、中国驻哥使馆等多次与哥有关方面进行了磋商、谈判和交涉。2006年3月10日，哥伦比亚政府终止对原产于中国的纺织品的临时特保措施。     

从应对“袜子特保案”浅议解决中美纺织品贸易摩擦的策略选择

本文通过对2004年“袜子特保案”我方应对工作的回顾和分析,揭示了我国入世以来在解决中美纺织品贸易争端中所暴露出的问题,进而结合实际,阐述了现阶段我国有效应对以过渡期纺织品保障措施为主要形式的中美纺织品贸易摩擦的策略选择,为相关政府部门和行业的应对工作和政策制订提供参考。     

美对华纺织品实施贸易限制的路径选择

中美纺织品贸易一直摩擦不断,先是20世纪80年代的反倾销,后是90年代多次单方面扣减中方纺织品配额,进入21世纪,美国除连续对中国纺织品实施特保措施外,还同时使用反倾销措施.根据中美纺织品贸易摩擦所呈现出的阶段性特点,可以确定政治考量是美对华纺织品实施限制的路径选择的主要依据.     

中美纺织品贸易争端:影响、根源与对策

本文针对近几个月来美国对从我国进口的纺织品频频实施特保措施,中美六轮纺织品贸易谈判一直未达成一致的贸易热点问题,通过对中美纺织品贸易中存在的主要问题、贸易摩擦对我国纺织品出口的影响、中美纺织品贸易摩擦产生根源的深入分析,对我国纺织品业的现状应对、困境突围提出了探索性的新策略.     

针对欧美的纺织品预警机制设立的思考

2005年全球配额取消后我国纺织品出口激增,却遭遇欧美的特保,给我国纺织品行业带来冲击.我国预警机制的建立刻不容缓,本文设想的纺织品出口预警机制包括构建原则、体系和具体实施.     

WTO Dispute Settlement and the EU–US Mini Trade Wars: A Commentary on Fritz Breuss

Economic theory suggests that some of the trade remedies allowed by the WTO may lead away from liberal trade and impose costs on those that apply them. Breuss has provided evidence in the case of four EU-US mini-wars that the policy that created the trade conflict was not clearly in the economic interest of the offending country and that the sanctions imposed exacerbated rather than alleviated the problem. Breuss builds a case for compensation payments rather than trade sanctions for rule violations and for targeting of the recipients of those payments.If trade policy were a matter of economic rationality then this approach would be convincing. For better or worse, the trade rules are an unruly mix of economic, political and legal constructs. The commentary expands on this to explore the role of the dispute settlement process itself and the sanctions designed to give it teeth. The conclusion is that the economic calculations, while a good measure of the costs of legal or political decisions, are not central to the dispute settlement and sanctions processes. The dispute settlement process is also about preserving the balance of political advantage from negotiated rules and schedules, and the sanctions process is as much to do with preventing abuse as correcting it. So a full economic analysis would have to compare politically balanced alternative scenarios and the incorporate the effect of the threat of sanctions on government behavior.     

WTO有关禁止性出口补贴规则研究——以中美“知名品牌产品出口补贴”WTO磋商案为视角

2009年12月18日,中美就"知名品牌产品出口补贴"WTO磋商案达成谅解备忘录,以中方让步解决这一纠纷。尽管该案已经解决,但该案涉及的一些法律问题仍需引起注意或探讨。本文在概述基本案情的基础上,归纳了WTO有关禁止性出口补贴的规定,最后就本案涉及的中国中央部委的相关措施是否属于有"强制性措施"的法律文件、"视出口实绩为条件"与以"出口企业为前提"有无区别、关于能否用《SCM协定》第11.9条下微量补贴作为例外辩护等法律问题进行了分析。     

The Dispute Settlement Mechanism of the WTO: A Brief History and an Evaluation from Economic,Contractarian and Legal Perspectives

Any rule‐based system has to include a mechanism for the enforcement of its rules and a means for settlement of disputes about alleged violation of rules. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), concluded in 1947, and its successor the World Trade Organisation (WTO) that subsumed it in 1995, embody rules governing the global trading system as specified in various agreements that their members have entered into over time. Naturally, both had a dispute settlement mechanism (DSM). It was a primarily political one in the GATT and was transformed into a largely legalistic one in the multilateral agreement that established the WTO. This paper reviews the history and evaluation of the two DSMs and examines their efficiency based on appropriate criteria. It views them from three alternative and overlapping perspectives: political‐diplomatic, legal‐economic and social. It concludes with a discussion of the unresolved problems in the operation of the WTO's DSM and the prospects of resolving them in the ongoing Doha Round of multilateral trade negotiations.     

WTO体制对我国物流法律制度发展的影响

文章对WTO有关物流法律制度的规定从货物贸易法律制度、物流组织法律制度、物流行为法律制度、物流经济调控法律制度四个方面进行了分析,结合我国入世议定书及我国物流法律制度对WTO相关规定的吸收、采纳,对我国现行物流法律制度在WTO体制下的不相符之处进行了总结．提出了完善的建议,全面讨论了WTO体制对我国物流法律制度发展的影响。     

WTO争端解决机制的法律性质

WTO争端解决机制被誉为WTO皇冠上的明珠,自其运行以来,既以其专业高效广受赞誉,又因其程序设计的冲突和裁决执行的效果引发批评。将"就DSU的改进和澄清"列入正式议程的多哈回合至今未果。专家组的临时性、争端解决程序透明度不足、补偿和报复的不溯及既往、报复的效果不足等WTO争端解决机制的不足到底仅仅属于技术性的缺陷还是根植于机制自身的法律性质,首先涉及到对WTO争端解决机制法律性质的廓清,同时该问题的解决也是我们进一步了解和更好地运用WTO争端解决机制的基础。     

从产品标准的解释看环境税在WTO体制下的法律地位

从GATT/WTO争端解决机制对环境与贸易案件的解释来看,GATT/WTO争端解决机制对"相同产品"概念的解释和"直接竞争或替代产品"概念的解释都朝着扩大解释的方向迈进,这有利于人们将环境保护议题纳入WTO规制之内。GATT/WTO争端解决机制通过对GATT第3条产品标准的扩张解释,逐渐认可了环境保护在多边贸易体制中的合法地位,承认了作为国内税收措施和政府规制措施的环境税在WTO规则中的合法性地位。     

基于对等原则的上游补贴规则运用探析——以对欧美反补贴救济为样本

在法律法规未明文规定上游补贴规则的情况下,我国商务部直接运用他国相关规则进行反补贴救济,其法理依据只能是国际法上的对等原则。但在欧美对华反补贴并未适用上游补贴规则的前提下,我国在对欧美反补贴救济中运用该规则并不符合对等原则的一般适用条件。而在对WTO成员适用对等原则时,还有可能不符合对等原则的特殊适用条件。尽管作为一种策略选择,我国在寻求缓解国际贸易摩擦的过程中仍可灵活运用该原则,但前提是必须注意把握对等原则的适用边界和WTO的基本精神,追求在WTO争端解决机制下的国家利益最大化。     

WTO争端解决程序的适用规则——多边环境保护公约能否成为适用规则

WTO争端解决机制的专家组和上诉机构能否根据MEA和一般国际法处理冲突的规则优先适用MEA,并认定一项根据MEA所采取的贸易限制措施不构成对WTO法的违反呢?为回答这一问题,本文首先确认,现行WTO法将争端解决机制的适用规则严格限制于WTO适用协定,即根据其实体管辖权,专家组和上诉机构专门受理根据适用协定所提起的申诉,不能受理根据MEA或其他实体国际法而提起的申诉。因此,MEA或其他实体国际法不能成为适用规则。其次,通过分析对这一问题的赞成与反对意见,对包括MEA在内的实体国际法的限定性适用,本文提出了支持的观点,认为前者更有利于克服当今世界国际法的"碎片化"现象。     

Consumer Bankruptcy in the United States: A Study of Alleged Abuse and of Local Legal Culture

This paper describes certain central aspects of the operation of the consumer bankruptcy system in the United States. It combines government data with the investigators' empirical data from two large studies done over a decade to explore two types of questions. The first area of investigation relates specifically to bankruptcy policy. The object is to identify the categories of persons principally served by the consumer bankruptcy system and to determine if suggestions of widespread abuse of that system by debtors are well-founded. The paper reports that the system is used primarily by the middle-class. It also reports that there is no evidence of widespread abuse. The second area of investigation is explanation of differences in the operation of the system in different regions of the country, differences that have persisted over twenty years despite major changes in legal rules and economic conditions. The paper argues that these differences are not explicable in terms of formal legal rules or a simple economic model and that a better explanation of the data is that the differences are the product of a "local legal culture" in each region.     

国际陆海贸易新通道跨境铁路运输规则现状、问题与完善

跨境铁路运输是建设国际陆海贸易新通道的重要依托,国际陆海贸易新通道建设也为跨境铁路运输的发展提供了契机。现有跨境铁路运输存在着运输规则不统一、贸易便利化程度不高、铁路运单无法流转、争端解决机制不完善等问题,制约了国际陆海贸易新通道的建设。为此,应完善跨境铁路运输的法律保障体系,提高沿线国家的贸易便利化程度,探索铁路运单的物权化,构建多元化争端解决机制。