旅游产业高度化的本质特征:产业融合与信息化

一、旅游业转型升级的实践探索 我国旅游业谋求"转型"由来已久,1992年国务院发布的《关于试办国家旅游度假区有关问题的通知》中就指出:"为进一步扩大对外开放,开发利用我国丰富的旅游资源,促进我国旅游业由观光型向观光度假型转变,加快旅游事业发展,国务院决定在条件成熟的地方试办国家旅游度假区."此后,在我国旅游界,有关"我国旅游业将从传统的观光旅游向度假旅游转型"的观点逐渐流行,甚至认为,发展休闲度假旅游是我国旅游产业转型升级的不二选择.     

森林公园旅游经营之转型:特许与政府规制

作为生态旅游的主要载体,我国森林公园旅游资源的建设与开发在进入快速发展期的同时,在经营模式上也面临由传统"国有国营"的单一模式向公私合营的多元模式转型。特许经营是实现这一转型的必然途径。文章在分析现行法律规范的基础上,认为森林公园特许经营面临制度层面的规范不足,并对特许经营制度的具体建构以及后特许时期的政府规制作了探讨。     

关于区域旅游障碍的辨析——兼论行政区划对区域旅游发展的影响

区域间旅游障碍由制度性障碍与非制度性障碍两大类型组成.所谓区域旅游障碍,主要表现为各区域之间对公共品牌旅游资源经营权的垄断、市场隐性分割、基础设施滞后、环境安全隐患、信息不对称,以及服务疲软所诱致的利益博弈问题.区域旅游障碍虽然与行政区划格局有一定相关关系.但没有必然联系.行政区划是国家权益地方性配置的制度性安排.是国家长治久安的政治基础.既有中央政府的统一意志,又有地方政府积极性的行政区划格局,是中国区域旅游持续发展的基础动力条件.区域间旅游经济发展的本源性动力是竞争.处于不同发展阶段的区域之间都可以寻求其旅游资源与产品的互补性和合作发展的契机.区域旅游合作是区域旅游发展竞争的高级形态和境界.打造无障碍旅游区,构建区域旅游发展过程中相关利益群体和谐共存、相关区域之间统筹和谐的发展局面,是现代地方政府有效作为的重要领域和空间.     

区域旅游合作中的制度分析

我国旅游业近年来出现了区域合作的热潮,有效的制度在其中起到了很大的作用.区域旅游合作实际上是制度变迁的结果.在合作过程中,中央政府与地方政府及各旅游企业应发挥各自的作用,共同打破原有效率低下制度的锁定,推动合作向前发展.     

旅游发展背景下政治不信任的形成因素及其影响

信任或者不信任的动态关系变化对于理解现代社会、社会关系和发展过程是十分重要的。信任可以影响到旅游发展的成功或者失败,但是旅游学者很少关注到信任话题。文章以广东汕尾红海湾为例,采用质性研究方法,分析旅游发展背景下政治不信任是如何形成的,又是如何进一步通过空间实践影响旅游发展的过程。研究发现,政治不信任受到权力关系、收益成本感知、政治经济绩效、人际信任和文化导向5个因素的影响,是在特定的制度环境、社会互动和历史文化的复杂关系中交织形成的。政治不信任的存在,使得地方政府与地方社区之间拒绝社会交换以及社会资本的断裂,增加了旅游政策运行成本,延缓了旅游发展进程。研究一方面把政治信任理论视角引入国内旅游研究,另一方面修订和补充了旅游发展与政治信任的理论框架,并提出对政治信任研究的批判性思考。研究有助于推动从旅游管理"过程"的关注向旅游开发"起点"的关注,即政治信任问题一定程度上先天奠定了旅游发展的成功或失败,这为当下旅游开发中的善治问题提供了实践参考。     

湖南省旅游集团发展模式研究

中央和地方国有旅游集团是现代旅游业体系的基础建设者,承载贯彻落实国家发展战略与整合区域资源的时代使命。本文分析国有旅游集团发展的过程,将其分为以资源为导向的行业资源聚合阶段、以市场为导向的业务优势整合阶段和以品牌为导向的业态创新融合三个阶段,提出高质量发展策略,走集约、生态、环保之路。     

乡村旅游地发展过程中的"公地悲剧"研究——以杭州梅家坞、龙坞茶村、山沟沟景区为例

乡村旅游地发展过程中的环境退化、村民无序争夺有限资源等"公地悲剧"现象十分普遍.乡村旅游资源的产权属性决定了"公地悲剧"产生的必然性,它表现为公共资源利用无度、公共秩序混沌失序和公共福利供给短缺,导致了乡村旅游核心资源迅速耗损和旅游品牌资产快速衰减,并严重影响了乡村旅游目的地的可持续发展.本文采用田野作业方法,主要分析了杭州梅家坞荼文化村、龙坞荼村和山沟沟景区"公地悲剧"的产生原因及其演变情况.文章还探讨了地方政府主导型、外来投资者主导型和农村集体组织主导型3种制度模式来解决乡村旅游中"公地悲剧"的基本思路.     

旅游开发中旅游吸引物权的制度化路径与实践效应--以“阿者科计划”减贫试验为例

国内有关"旅游吸引物权"的研究大多止步于理论探讨,而旅游地却存在大量旅游吸引物权益缺失的发展困境。文章尝试将"旅游吸引物权"学术概念进行落地运用,通过一场持续3年的旅游减贫试验,探索出旅游吸引物权在中国制度情境下的制度化路径,解析其实践效应。研究发现:(1)旅游吸引物权的产权建构需要首先从结构层面建立兼顾分配和资源保护意义的制度规则体系,制度规则背后的核心运行逻辑是经济利益调节。(2)制度结构建立后,再从能力与文化层面建构多方主体对旅游吸引物权表达与实践的理解和认知,重点是在认知范畴上建立产权共识。(3)旅游吸引物权建构所需的制度、能力与文化培育可由多方外部主体援助完成,但援助的目的是催发原住民的主体性。发展乡村旅游不一定需要大资本进驻,地方政府的政策支持、适量的资金投入、产权建构的技术援助,足以带动原住民参与旅游发展。其中,地方政府作为土地产权的决定性主体,对旅游吸引物权的理解、授权与支持是开展产权建构的根基性条件。需要指出的是,文章的旅游吸引物权建构是对各个构成物要素凝结的共有性、整体性旅游吸引价值的产权关系进行系统表达,本质上是不改变现有构成物的"名义产权"制度,利用制度多元逻辑引导多方主体改变产权认知观念与结构,在认知范畴上建立关于新增的旅游吸引价值的"事实产权"。     

旅游地特色街区的"非地方化":制度脱嵌视角的解释

旅游发展与地方性之间存在既融合又冲突的矛盾关系,旅游一方面依赖于独特的地方性而产生,同时又推动地方快速卷入现代化和全球化进程而逐渐消弭地方性,使得旅游地日趋表现出"无地方性".文章针对阳朔西街典型案例,采用观察、深度访谈、文本分析等方法,基于对地方性和无地方性相关理论的分析,探讨了旅游地特色街区的"非地方"过程与趋势,并从制度嵌入性的视角分析了旅游地特色街区出现"非地方化"的动因.结果表明:随着旅游发展条件的改变,西街的原有地方景观形态和空间功能发生嬗变,同质化的空间实践使得地方脱离了与本地历史和社会传统的联结,地方文化意义也发生流变,地方因此呈现"非地方"趋势;制度脱嵌可作为地方走向非地方的理论解释,正式制度脱嵌表征为政府管制缺位,非正式制度脱嵌表征为地方文化缺失,两者共同加速了西街的"非地方化".文章关注现代性和流动性背景下旅游特色街区所面临的"非地方"趋势,是对地方与非地方理论的实证补充,有助于加深对旅游与地方性之间关系的再认识,从而促进旅游地的可持续发展.     

“一带一路”视域下甘肃省旅游资源“非优区”开发研究

甘肃省作为陆上丝绸之路重要的交通枢纽,在发展"一带一路"方面具有得天独厚的地理优势。本文结合区位熵、资源等级、资源结构和旅游资源"非优区"的相关方法和理论,判定金昌市、定西市和庆阳市为甘肃旅游资源"非优区",并从相关政策、市场、文化、投资和客源五个方面提出了开发策略,以期在倡议发展"一带一路"这一历史机遇大潮中逐步实现从旅游资源"非优区"向旅游资源"优区"的转变。     

Applying Fuzzy Multiple Criteria Decision Making approach to establish safety-management system for hot spring hotels

Taiwan’s hot spring tourism has been booming for decades. In this study, a new procedure using a Fuzzy Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) integrated with a linguistic scale is proposed to set up measurable indicators and determine their weights for safety management in hot spring hotels. Twelve experts, including five professors, four hoteliers, and three officials, were invited to participate in this survey. To aggregate the results, water supply system gains the most weight (.426), followed by the bathing space design (.391) and maintenance system (.307). The main contributions of this paper are: (1) to integrate the Fuzzy MCDM with linguistic scale that converts the subjective cognitions of groups including scholars, owners and officials into a set of objective safety management indicators for hot spring hotels, and (2) to provide the governments and hoteliers with criteria to formulate reasonable regulations for hot springs tourism in terms of safety management.     

旅游权内涵解析及其保险保障机制探讨

公民旅游权是基本人权的重要延伸,是一种综合性权利,可分为基础性旅游权和消费性旅游权两大类,旅游保障权、旅游自由权、旅游平等权、旅游资源共享权、旅游发展共享权、旅游消费权和出入境旅游权等七项权利。在我国旅游发展与旅游者权益保护亟待加强的情况下,建议通过相关制度设计构建全面广泛的公民旅游权保障体系,完善我国旅游业持续健康发展的制度基础。在保险制度方面的保障措施主要包括:借助强制保险和商业保险提供公民旅游休闲保障,完善保险制度安排,加强旅游资源保护,进行保险创新,保障公民旅游自由权,加强保险国际合作保障,公民出入境旅游权等。     

改善我国风景名胜区现行管理体制的对策研究--以天柱山风景名胜区为例

风景名胜区作为主要的旅游资源，在旅游业中起着重要的作用，但现行风景名胜区管理体制存在着权限界定不清、政企不分、利益划分不明确等矛盾。本文以国家级风景名胜区天柱山为实证，分析风景名胜区现行管理体制主要弊端，提出改善风景名胜区管理体制的对策。     

旅游规划委托合约问题研究

本文运用产权经济学的理论与产权方法，从合约结构、合约效率、合约适用范围、合约的转换条件等几方面深入剖析了旅游规划管理过程中规划委托合约问题。     

How smart is your tourist attraction?: Measuring tourist preferences of smart tourism attractions via a FCEM-AHP and IPA approach

Although smart tourism has gained increasing attention, empirical investigations of smart tourist attraction (STA) from a tourist perspective are still limited. The purpose of this study is to explore a methodological approach of assessing tourist preference of STA, and the strengths and weaknesses of an STA accordingly. First, factor analysis was used to determine tourists' key evaluation items of STA. Next, fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method and analytic hierarchy process were applied to the STA evaluation of Hongshan Zoo, a popular tourist attraction in China. Then, importance-performance analysis was conducted to diagnose the strengths and weaknesses of Hongshan Zoo's STA construction. Findings suggest that “smart information system”, “intelligent tourism management”, “smart sightseeing”, “e-commerce system”, “smart safety”, “intelligent traffic”, “smart forecasting” and “virtual tourist attractions” are tourists' key evaluation factors of STA. This paper extends previous research on smart tourism, and offers insights into the theoretical investigation and practical development of STA.     

An Empirical Examination of the Form of Relationship Between Sustainable Tourism Experiences and Satisfaction

This paper problematizes the terms “sustainable tourism and satisfaction”. It conceptualizes sustainable tourism as a future trend in tourism and argues that although sustainable tourism and satisfaction frequently function as a means of tourist evaluation and experience for attractions, their social significance extends far beyond current tourism planning. This paper uses empirical material from 642 tourists who had sustainable tourism experiences and gathers samples from several natural resource conservation zones in Taiwan. If tourists feel a sense of novelty about a tourist destination, they may increase their sustainable experience and further enhance their willingness and satisfaction toward sustainable tourism. In addition, sustainable tourism studies suggest that novelty enhances emotional excitement, which in turn leads to more overall valuable evaluations and higher satisfaction. This paper tests both direct and indirect mechanisms simultaneously using structural equation modeling methods. The results support the predictions.     

Government management of tourism — a Thai case study

This article examines the relationship between government and the tourism industry and the problems of that relationship as both strive for more effective management to meet the challenge and changes of the 1980s. Attention is focused on the role of government and the political input, the tourism management agency, the government administrative system, the industry, and the response of these various groups to demands on the tourism sector. The article concentrates on Thailand but many problems experienced are common to most countries and arise from the nature and role of government and the tourism industry and their relationship.     

Ecotourism after nature: Anthropocene tourism as a new capitalist “fix”

Abstract

How does ecotourism – conventionally characterized by its pursuit of a “natural” experience – confront assertions that “nature is over” attendant to growing promotion of the “Anthropocene”? One increasingly prominent strategy is to try to harness this “end of nature” itself as a novel tourism “product”. If the Anthropocene is better understood as the Capitalocene, as some contend, then this strategy can be viewed as a paradigmatic example of disaster capitalism in which crises precipitated by capitalist processes are themselves exploited as new forms of accumulation. In this way, engagement with the Anthropocene becomes the latest in a series of spatio-temporal “fixes” that the tourism industry can be seen to provide to the capitalist system in general. Here I explore this dynamic by examining several ways in which the prospect of the loss of “natural” resources are promoted as the basis of tourism experience: disaster tourism; extinction tourism; voluntourism; development tourism; and, increasingly, self-consciously Anthropocene tourism as well. Via such strategies, Anthropocene tourism exemplifies capitalism’s astonishing capacity for self-renewal through creative destruction, sustaining itself in a “post-nature” world by continuing to market social and environmental awareness and action even while shifting from pursuit of nonhuman “nature” previously grounding these aims.     

The impact of tourism in the Caribbean: A methodological study

Hills, Theo L. and Lundgren, Jan, “The Impact of Tourism in the Caribbean—A Methodological Study,” Annals of Tourism Research, Vol.IV, No.5, May/September 1977, pp. 248–267. The paper examines some economic, cultural and ecological problems arising from the impact of tourism in the Caribbean. Special attention is given to the nature and mechanism of the international tourist system and to the possibility of predicting saturation of tourist destinations by means of an irritation index. Types of data reflecting “space” as a resource are related to many types of tourist data, including a “seasonality index”.