人力资本的离散度、追赶效应与经济增长的关系——基于人力资本分布结构的异质性

本文结合人力资本平均存量的高低及我国人力资本分布结构的规律性,实证分析了我国人力资本离散度与经济增长的关系。结论表明,具有较高人力资本平均存量地区的人力资本离散度正向于经济增长,而具有较低人力资本平均存量地区负向于经济增长。依据高等教育拉动、正态分布和低等教育拉动三种类型,文章从人力资本的追赶效应出发,归纳了内生增长理论的趋同思想,并发现具有高等教育拉动型和正态分布型人力资本分布结构的地区与前沿人力资本存量地区有增长趋同性,而具有低等教育拉动型的地区与之具有增长发散性。     

Health human capital and economic growth in Sub-Saharan African and OECD countries

This paper investigates the effects of health human capital on the growth rate of per capita income in Sub-Saharan African and OECD countries. Using an expanded Solow growth model, panel data, and a dynamic panel estimator, we find that the growth rate of per capita income is strongly and positively influenced by the stock of, and investment in, health human capital after controlling for other variables. The stock of health human capital affects the growth rate of per capita income in a quadratic way: the growth impact of health human capital decreases at relatively large endowments of health stock. Our estimates suggest that 22% and 30% of the transition growth rate of per capita income in Sub-Saharan African and OECD countries respectively, can be attributed to health. The structure of the relationship between health human capital and the growth rate of income in Sub-Saharan African countries is similar to the structure of the relationship in OECD countries. This implies that increased stocks of health human capital leads to higher steady state income. Our results have interesting policy implications.     

Turning from crime: A dynamic perspective

This paper examines criminal choice using a variant of the human capital model. The innovation of our approach is that it attempts to disaggregate individual capital, not unlike production-based studies which disaggregate physical capital into equipment and structures. We disaggregate an individual’s capital stock into the standard human capital component as well as a utility generating component that we call social capital. In our set-up, social capital is used to account for the influence of social norms on the decision to participate in crime. This is done by modeling the stigma of arrest as a reduction in the individual’s social capital stock. We also allow individuals to account for the impact of their criminal actions on their probability of arrest. In order to estimate the structural parameters underlying the model, we make use of computationally intensive methods involving simulated generalized method of moments and value function approximation. The empirical results, based on panel data from the Delinquency in a Birth Cohort II Study, support the social capital model of crime and reveal significant state dependence in the decision to participate in crime.     

城市资本存量模型分析

文章研究城市资本市场中资本存量的问题,建立了城市人均资本存量模型,反映了资本存量与各影响因素的相关关系.利用该模型对上海市的人均资本存量进行了分析.该模型具有预测作用,有助于城市管理主体制定城市发展政策.     

Spatial growth with exogenous saving rates

Economic growth has traditionally been analyzed in the temporal domain, while the spatial dimension is captured by cross-country income differences. Data suggest great inequality in income per capita across countries, and a slight but noticeable increase in inequality across nations between 1960 and 2000. Seeking to explore the mechanism underlying the temporal evolution of the cross sectional distribution of economies, we develop a spatial growth model where saving rates are exogenous. Capital movements across locations are governed by a mechanism under which capital moves toward locations of relatively higher marginal productivity, with a velocity determined by the existing stock of capital. This augments the capital accumulation equation by a nonlinear diffusion term. Our results suggest that under diminishing returns, the growth process leads to a stable spatially nonhomogeneous distribution for per capita capital and income in the long run. Insufficient savings may lead to the emergence of persistent poverty cores where capital stock is depleted in some locations.     

企业家人力资本股权化的战略研究

文章首先阐述了企业家人力资本股权化战略的内涵及意义,在此基础上,对企业家人力资本与企业绩效之间的内在联系进行了探讨。通过股权化制度在企业组织中不断运行,提高了企业家努力水平,在此基础上激发企业家专用性人力资本的有效供给,使其理论价值转化实际价值,在企业绩效有保证的基础上使初始配置的股权价值得以实现。     

Specifying Human Capital

A review of the measures of the stock of human capital used in empirical growth research – including adult literacy rates, school enrollment ratios, and average years of schooling of the working‐age population – reveals that human capital is mostly poorly proxied. The simple use of the most common proxy, average years of schooling, misspecifies the relationship between education and the stock of human capital. Based on human capital theory, the specification of human capital is extended to allow for decreasing returns to education and for differences in the quality of a year of education. The different specifications give rise to hugely differing measures of the stock of human capital across countries, and development‐accounting results show that misspecified human capital measures can lead to severe underestimation of the development effect of human capital.     

Is technical change embodied in the capital stock or new investment?

The question of technical change and productivity growth is one of the fundamental empirical issues of our time. Surprisingly, Solow's original question of whether technical change is embodied in investment or the entire capital stock has been largely neglected. This paper seeks to bridge the early work of Solow and others on the extent of embodiment of technical change with the more modern approach to estimating the structure of production and technical change using multifactor cost functions. We also attempted to identify the source and structural nature of embodied technical change by decomposing it. Our theoretical model is applied to a pooled cross-section of six OECD countries for the 1965–1989 period. Our preferred model is one of full factor-augmenting embodied technical change because technical change augmenting the entire capital stock tends to overstate quality change in the aggregate capital stock more than that embodied in new investment. This model specification supports the view that technical change is embodied in the stock of capital structure and is embodied in new investment of capital equipment.     

新型股指期权计划在人力资本定价中的应用

自20世纪50年代舒尔茨人力资本理论提出至今,主要是从人力资本的结构构成和对经济贡献的角度来研究。从期权理论出发,新型股指期权计划打破过去人力资本研究仅从物质资本理论出发的不确切性,从宏观角度借助股票价格、股票指数变化给其定价,客观准确地衡量人力资本对企业业绩的贡献,进而为企业制定合理薪酬提供决策依据。     

The Hicksian trade cycle with floor and ceiling dependent on capital stock

This article reconsiders the Hicksian multiplier – accelerator model with ‘floor’ and ‘ceiling’. The new thrust is that these constraints are tied to the actual stock of capital, the floor to the depreciation on this stock, the ceiling to capital as a limiting production factor according to the fixed proportions technology that also underlies the principle of acceleration. For capital formation just the Hicksian investment theory is used. The result is one unified model creating economic growth and growth rate cycles.     

区域产业结构优化的人力资本战略需求研究

人力资本是区域经济增长决定性动因,而产业结构则反映区域资源配置与资源转换能力即财富创造能力的高低。在人力资本和产业结构优化的互动过程中,更需要从战略的角度提高人力资本水平,以推动区域经济协调增长,包括构建多元化的投资,增加人力资本投资存量;发展多元化教育模式,促进人力资本结构优化;优化人力资本配置结构,提高人力资本使用效率;缩小区域产业结构差距,建立地区间人力资本良性循环机制等。     

Monotonicity and continuity of the critical capital stock in the Dechert–Nishimura model

We show that the critical capital stock of the Dechert and Nishimura (1983) model is a decreasing and continuous function of the discount factor. We also show that the critical capital stock merges with a nonzero steady state as the discount factor decreases to a certain boundary value, and that the critical capital stock converges to the minimum sustainable capital stock as the discount factor increases to another boundary value.     

A sensitivity analysis on optimal economic growth

A model of capital accumulation is considered and the relation between the optimal path and the initial capital stock is analyzed. Mathematically speaking, the model is a convex model of infinite horizon in continuous time. The existence of optimal paths of capital accumulation is proved. By using the continuity of the value function, it is proved that the optimal path of capital accumulation is a continuous function of the initial capital stock. The analysis is so general that neither the smoothness of the model nor the interiority of the optimal path are made.     

Endogenous capital utilization in a short-run production model: Theory and an empiral application

In order to be consistent with production theory, empirical factor demand analyses must transform capital stock data into information about the flows of capital services derived from the stock. This requires information about the utilization rate which is, however, not generally available. This paper develops and estimates a model of a capital using firm that one can implement using observable data. Capital utilization and depreciation are endogenous and are determined by profit maximization. The consistency of the model with the data is tested by checking whether the estimated parameters satisfy the regularity conditions imposed by the theory. The validity of the customary specification of an exogenous, price-independent rate of depreciation is also tested.     

Residential mobility and social capital

This paper empirically investigates the role of social capital in households' residential mobility behavior by considering its spatial dimension. This study focuses on a household's social ties with people living nearby, which we refer to as its “local social capital.” Local social capital may deter residential mobility, because the resources stemming from them are location-specific and will be less valuable if a household moves. We conjecture that a household's possession of local social capital has a negative effect on its residential mobility, and this negative effect of local social capital may be stronger on long-distance mobility than on short-distance mobility. Our empirical investigation is based on data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. We obtain evidence which is supportive of these conjectures.     

人力资本异质性和知识外溢对产业结构升级的影响研究——基于省级和区域面板数据的空间计量

运用2002—2012年数据,从省级层面和区域层面分析人力资本异质性、知识外溢等因素对产业结构升级的影响,所得主要结论如下：从省级层面看,人力资本异质性和以产业集聚衡量的知识外溢显著推动了产业结构升级,以研发存量和技术市场成交额衡量的知识外溢显著抑制了产业结构升级,但研发存量与人力资本相结合则有利于产业结构升级。从区域层面看,人力资本异质性和知识外溢对产业结构升级的影响存在区域差异。人力资本异质性显著有利于东部地区,不利于中部地区,对西部地区虽然有利但不显著。以研发存量衡量的知识外溢显著抑制了东部地区,有利于中部地区。以产业集聚衡量的知识外溢显著抑制了中部地区,对东部地区和西部地区的影响则不显著。以技术市场成交额衡量的知识外溢显著抑制了西部地区的产业结构升级,对东中部地区则没有显著影响。     

Human capital, instability and foreign investment in transition economies

I argue that the West should lend money to the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe (FSUEE) to prevent excessive deterioration of its human capital stock. Such loans can improve the recipient countries' welfare by allowing them to enjoy the long-run benefits of a large human capital stock without incurring the costs of maintaining these stocks through lean economic times. The West can receive a fully competitive rate of return on these loans, and future foreign investors will be able to earn high rates of return by supplying physical capital to a newly stabilized FSUEE with abundant human capital.     

基于利益相关者理论的收益分配模式研究

企业是由多个利益主体组成的,只有最大限度地实现各利益主体的目标,才能最终实现企业自身价值最大化目标。本文结合权益资本成本理论和人力资本产权理论,通过对现行收益分配模式进行分析,提出了利益相关者逻辑下的收益分配模式。     

人力资本与城市竞争力关系研究

随着知识经济的到来,人力资本愈显其重要性。这是决定国家综合实力增长的关键因素。研究发现,一个城市的综合竞争力也以来自城市人力资本存量的改善。本文从提升城市竞争力的角度研究人力资本,从阐述国内外人力资本理论及城市竞争力的理论入手,分析增加人力资本与城市竞争力的内在作用机理,确立人力资本投资在提升城市竞争力的核心地位,并据此提出相应的人力资本投资对策,以提高城市竞争力。     

Evaluating the impacts of human capital stocks and accumulation on economic growth: some new evidence

"Various hypotheses have been put forward in recent years concerning the contribution of human capital to economic growth. This paper argues that school enrolment rates--by far the most commonly used human capital measure in growth regressions attempting to test these hypotheses--conflate human capital stock and accumulation effects and lead to misinterpretations of the role of labour force growth. An alternative education-related human capital measure is constructed which is capable of distinguishing between stocks and flows. Applying this measure to samples of developed and less developed countries during the 1960-85 period suggests not only that there are important growth effects associated both with 'initial' stocks of, and subsequent growth in, human capital, but also that this new measure out-performs the simple school enrolment rates used in previous analyses."