"文化大革命"对物质资本和人力资本的破坏

文化大革命的影响既表现为十年的经济增长停滞,更表现在对物质和人力资本的损害.该文推算了文化大革命通过缩短学制、停办大学等造成的人力资本存量变化,及其对后来人力资本积累的影响.我们估算,文化大革命使可能的受教育年限减少了14.3%.由于文化大革命使国有经济的物质资本与人力资本都遭到破坏,从而使其经济增长处于相对较低的稳态水平.与之相比,非国有经济所依靠的劳动力是比较年轻的一代,同时其物质资本与人力资本之比较低,使其处于更为有利的经济稳态.因此,如果没有改革以后的非国有经济的迅速发展,中国经济将长期处于较低的增长状态.     

“文化大革命”对物质资本和人力资本的破坏

“化大革命”的影响既表现为十年的经济增长停滞。更表现在对物质和人力资本的损害。本推算了“化大革命”通过缩短学制、停办大学等造成的人力资本存量变化，及其对后来人力资本积累的影响。我们估算，“化大革命”使可能的受教育年限减少了14．3％。由于“化大革命”使国有经济的物质资本与人力资本都遭到破坏。从而使其经济增长处于相对较低的稳态水平。与之相比，非国有经济所依靠的劳动力是比较年轻的一代，同时其物质资本与人力资本之比较低，使其处于更为有利的经济稳态。因此，如果没有改革以后的非国有经济的迅速发展，中国经济将长期处于较低的增长状态。     

我国人力资本和物质资本对经济增长影响的实证分析

经济增长是一个复杂的社会现象，影响因素很多。随着科技的发展和生产力的提高，人力资本对经济增长的作用越来越大，物质资本对我国经济增长的贡献仍然不可替代。现阶段我国经济发展过程中，要进一步提高物质资本的利用率，加大对人力资本的研究及开发。     

中国的物质资本和人力资本估算

物质资本、人力资本、劳动和技术进步是经济增长的源泉。中国作为 2 1世纪的世界大国 ,有着丰富的人力资源。中国的发展路线必须以自身的资源为基础。本文估算了中国的物质资本存量和人力资本存量 ,并同美国进行了比较。由于中国资本总量相对于产出较小 ,资本收益率高于美国。人力资本较高的收益率反映了对人力资本的需求和人力资本供给受到的制约。与发达国家比较 ,在投资成果接近的前提下 ,目前中国的人力资本生产成本较低。从产业结构分析 ,由低级劳动密集型向高级劳动密集型或人力资本密集型转化是中国产业结构升级的一种可能选择。     

人力资本拓展更广阔的财富天地

在这个世界上，发达国家人均收入长期持续增长与多数欠发达国家人均收入长期停滞不前形成鲜明对比。     

中国城市物质资本、人力资本和社会资本估算

本文将社会资本嵌入内生经济增长模型,并对1988～2008年期间中国48个重点城市物质资本、人力资本和社会资本进行了估算和比较.其中物质资本存量的估算采用永续盘存法,人力资本估算采用受教育年限法,而对于社会资本的估算则建立和采用基于永续盘存法和社会网络关系的经济学测度模型,并在模型中对工作流动对社会资本的贬值进行考虑.研究表明.处于城市化第三阶段的城市物质资本和人力资本的初始存量低于其他城市化阶段.整体上,任何城市化阶段的物质资本和人力资本均呈现增长趋势,而城市化第三阶段的社会资本初始存量却高于其他城市化阶段.但无论任何城市化阶段的城市社会资本均呈现下降趋势,处于城市化第三阶段的城市下降速度最快.     

论人力资本与智力资本的"虚拟资本"性质

本文认为人力资本、智力资本理论的产生,本质上是提出了"虚拟资本"问题,是对这些过去被看作是费用或成本的东西进行"资本化定价".在当代企业的资本范畴中实际上已经形成了以实体资本为一方的"硬资本"和以虚拟资本为另一方的"软资本"两大部份,而这两大部份是建立在"资本三要素"--物质资本、人力资本、智力资本基础上的.由"资本三要素"的基础概念,我们可以推解出一系列新的资本概念和形态,从中我们可以较清晰地辨别虚拟资本与实体资本的构架与层次,并可直观地厘清它们的边界与关系,这有利于我们更好地理解人力资本与智力资本的特性和功能.     

基于人力资本和物质资本匹配的企业创新

企业创新是一项高难度的系统工程,它的实现必须建立在人力资本与物质资本的结合之上。无论技术创新、组织结构创新、还是管理创新,都必须调动全体人力资本所有者参与,同时也要投入资金、设备等物质资本予以保证。创新的过程是人力资本与物质资本匹配的过程,创新的综合成果体现为企业的竞争优势。     

企业家人力资本与物质资本的博弈模型

本文建立了一个企业家人力资本与物质资本的博弈模型来研究企业家人力资本与物质资本在什么条件下会组成分享制企业,并研究了企业制度变迁中企业家人力资本与物质资本关系的演变,分析了表面现象下两者的谈判力的变化,论证了企业家人力资本参与企业收益分配的经济学逻辑。     

中国主要省区物质资本与人力资本利用效率及投资取向

要实现区域的可持续发展,提高资源利用效率是一个根本性的问题。而作为主要生产资源的物质资本与人力资本的利用效率就具有更重要的意义。文章以经济增长理论为依据,利用生产函数分析了中国主要省区物质资本与人力资本对经济增长的贡献率,发现1990年代之后大多数省区的人力资本贡献率已超过了物质资本的贡献率,说明经济增长方式已发生了由外延式向内涵式的很好转变。进一步根据生产者均衡理论,计算了主要省区物质资本与人力资本的利用效率,发现大部分省区的利用效率没有达到最优状态,但1990年代以来利用效率在不断提高。在此基础上,计算了通过提高两项资本利用效率可带来的GDP增长潜力,发现当利用效率达到最高时GDP可增长近24%。由此给出了各省区物质资本与人力资本投资比例的调整方向。     

HUMAN WELL-BEING EFFECTS OF INSTITUTIONS AND SOCIAL CAPITAL

We examine the effects of income, institutions, and social capital—proxied by the level of corruption and ethnic tensions—on literacy and life expectancy in Africa. Random effects estimates show that income has a robust positive influence. GMM estimates indicate that corruption reduces the effectiveness of institutions in promoting literacy. However, this effect is not monotonic; improvements in the corruption index within the high corruption range reduce the effectiveness of institutions, while continuous improvement within the low corruption range enhances the effectiveness of institutions. Similarly, ethnic tensions reduce the effectiveness of institutions. Based on these findings, we conclude that social capital and institutions can complement each other. ( JEL O11, O17, Z13)     

TIME‐VARYING EFFECTS OF HUMAN CAPITAL ON MILITARY RETENTION

This paper examines how human capital acquired at the onset of a military career has an evolving effect on retention decisions. Using data of Marine officers that extends across 20‐year horizons, estimates of the hazard related to separation rates indicate that initial differences in general and firm‐specific human capital have time‐varying effects on retention across the duration of a career. Additional evidence suggests that the effects of higher economy‐wide unemployment as well as the onset of wars succeeding from September 2001 also change retention decisions and depend on officers' length of service. (JEL J6, J41, J45)     

HUMAN CAPITAL AND THE PROBABILITY OF DIVORCE

Concern about the high poverty rates experienced by children in female‐headed households has led to policies aimed at increasing these households' income. In this paper we present a model that analyses decisions made before and during marriage to invest in the human capital of parents and children. These decisions result from a variety of anticipated post‐divorce monetary transfers between spouses.     

THE ACCOUNTING TREATMENT OF HUMAN INVESTMENT AND CAPITAL

Defining investment as outlays that increase income- and output-producing capacity, the author presents estimates of human investment in the United States 1929–69, comprising rearing costs, education, training, health, safety and mobility outlays. He develops an economic accounting framework to accommodate human investments and research and development in national and sector capital accounts, with appropriate adjustments to the current accounts to provide consistency. The associated balance sheets and wealth statements are also developed.
The wealth and corresponding income estimates are used to compute rates of return on human, non-human, and total capital. In the business economy the average net rate of return on total capital was 10.6 percent in 1969, compared with 10.0 percent in 1929. The average and marginal rates of return on human capital were generally somewhat higher than on non-human capital throughout the period.     

HOME COMPUTER USE AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN CAPITAL

This paper uses a regression discontinuity design to estimate the effect of home computers on child and adolescent outcomes by exploiting a voucher program in Romania. Our main results indicate that home computers have both positive and negative effects on the development of human capital. Children who won a voucher to purchase a computer had significantly lower school grades but show improved computer skills. There is also some evidence that winning a voucher increased cognitive skills, as measured by Raven's Progressive Matrices. We do not find much evidence for an effect on non-cognitive outcomes. Parental rules regarding homework and computer use attenuate the effects of computer ownership, suggesting that parental monitoring and supervision may be important mediating factors.     

ENDOGENOUS HUMAN CAPITAL INVESTMENT AND THE INTERACTION OF FRONTIER AND ADOPTIVE KNOWLEDGE ON GROWTH AND WAGE INEQUALITY

A three-sector, overlapping-generations growth model endogenizes the opportunity cost of human capital formation and the relative skill requirements of invention, innovation, and adoption of general-purpose technologies. As a result, the relative wage of skilled workers is a function of the endogenous ratio of total-to-adoptive knowledge (where the difference in knowledge stocks is frontier knowledge). Comparative statics are examined for the model's seven parameters. Simulations (representing a transition with phases to a more complex level of economic development) are presented for simultaneous exogenous shocks capable of matching (i) observed inverse movements of the relative wage and the detrended relative supply in the USA, (ii) the sharp slowing and recovering US multifactor productivity growth data since the 1970s, and (iii) a reconciliation of data used to support or deny skill-biased technological change as a major force driving up the relative wage since 1980.