我国国有林区商品林经营的有效方式：—股份合作制

森林资源产权制度改革,是国有林区林森经营层次改革必须触及的敏感问题。本文提出将国有部分尚未具备市场交换能力的中幼商品林实行企业与职工合合作经营,真正实现产权明析,改善人力资本有效供给不足,提高森林资源管理效率,并探索公有制的有效实现形式。     

重点国有林区改革与发展趋势的实证分析

对重点国有林区改革与发展状况进行了回顾,对影响国有林业企业“两危”的因素进行了分析,也分析探讨了国有林区出现的各种改革措施对保护和发展森林资源,增加林区职工收入的作用。指出,在国有林区,国有加工业改制进展迅速,家庭式经营管理和市场化手段成为森林资源管护和经营基本制度要素,许多新做法提高了森林培育、采伐和经营的效率,但社会保障体制严重缺位。通过多元统计分析,在一定程度上验证了利润分成机制、企业社会负担对企业创收存在过强激励,是森林资源破坏的根源。分析结果不支持农业生产等同于毁林的判断。改革方向是建立地方公有林体系,国家林业主管部门将精力集中于公共物品提供方面。深化改革需要得到政府部门的关怀和支持,使之规范化,催生林区可持续发展的新体制。     

林长制背景下重点国有林区森林资源管理策略

国有森工企业是重点国有林区森林资源经营培育的微观主体,也是承接林长制在重点国有林区落地推行的基层单位。以重点国有林区国有森工企业为研究对象,通过分析其面临的国有林区改革深化与林长制全面推行的双重背景,展示重点国有林区森林资源管理现状与挑战,进而提出相应的发展策略。研究发现：在林长制全面推行的背景下,重点国有林区森林资源管理目标责任制进一步强化,政企关系因此更加紧密;林长制工作目标、管理机构、工作机制与重点国有林区的利益相关者诉求、管理惯性、地方性知识有待进一步磨合。这也成为森林资源管理的重大挑战。因此,提出重点国有林区森林资源管理发展策略：第一,制定林长制工作目标时,应该考虑到包括政府、企业与社区居民在内的利益相关者诉求;第二,制定林长权力清单,厘清地方政府与国有森工企业关于森林资源管理的责权边界;第三,通过制度创新、技术创新、管理创新形成森林资源管理的方式。     

把握形势促进发展——兼论东北林区的改革与发展

如何改革与发展，仍是东北国有林区未解之谜。根据林业的国际发展趋势和我国林业发展的历史经验教训，特别是在森林资源极度过伐的状况下，如何进行东北国有林区改革，是目前亟待研究的问题。笔者认为，从资源本身考虑，主要是让森林资源有一个自然恢复的时间；从体制方面考虑，首先要政企分开，然后彻底改变目前的森工管理体制，恢复营林的经营体制，并与国家改革与发展要求同步创新；改革所需经费，要由国家财政解决，因为林区目前处于无能为力的状态。     

东北国有林区改革:从“管护承包”到“股份合作经营”

东北、内蒙古国有林区是国务院确定的国家重点林区,将现行的林区职工森林资源家庭管护承包责任制适时地深化为森林资源股份合作经营制度,是东北、内蒙古国有森工林区振兴的有效途径。森林资源股份合作经营主要是指以职工持股为基础的国有森林资源股份合作经营。森林资源股份合作制度是与社会化生产和市场经济相适应的财产主体多元化、运作社会化的所有制形式。森林资源股份合作经营的股权结构为国有资产法人股、职工认购股、劳动力股和科技股。     

东北国有林区改革的评价与趋势研究

对东北国有林区森林资源管理体制改革、产业结构调整、森工企业改革情况进行了回顾与评价,探讨了改革的趋势。国有森林资源管理体制改革经历了"四权合一"与"两权分离",探索了委托经营、承包经营,但改革尚未全面推进。国有森工企业改革和发展的趋势是产权清晰、政企分开、资产所有权与法人财产权分离、投资主体多元化、企业经营集团化。     

国有林区开展群众管护经营改革的探索——青海省试点调研

青海省麦秀林区地处三江源自然保护区核心区,又属林牧交错地区,其改革保护与发展矛盾突出。尝试在黄南州麦秀国有林区开展森林资源家庭承包管护经营改革的试点。根据调查,林区群众表示在生活水平不降低的前提下愿意参与森林承包经营管护。因此制定了较完善的承包方案,包括承包责任管理和监督、承包费用、经营内容、保障措施,对农牧交错地区的国有林区改革进行了有益探索。     

国有森林资源管理体制转型问题及对策研究

森林资源管理的一系列问题的根源在于不能有效地协调森林资源的生产、经营、管理中的利益关系。要实现森林资源管理体制转型,必须通过多元化、系统化的改革和制度创新,重新整合区划国有林区森林资源,调整产业结构,加强森林资源的培育和保护,从根本上协调人类森林资源经营管理的行为方式,实现人与资源环境的和谐发展。     

集体林区森林资产制度建设问题

<正> 森林资产制度着重体现森林的财产属性,它是以森林资源的产权、价值价格、流转、资金、经营管理等为内容的复杂的制度体系。森林是林业的主要经营对象,建立森林资产制度是深化林业改革,发育林业商品经济,发展林业生产建设必要的保证和基础。森林包括林木、林地和林地上的野生动植物,它们都是资产。在林区,林地面积一般占土地总面积的百分之六七十以上,森林资源是收入的主要来源。森林资产制度构成了林区农村土地制度、财产制度的重要组成部分,也是林区农村深层改革急需解决的重大问题。     

基于ISM模型的全面停伐后清河林业局经营转型影响因素分析

运用解释结构模型(ISM)为分析方法,对影响全面停伐后清河林业局经营转型的因素进行分析。计算结果表明,各因素对经营转型流失的影响程度分为五个层次,林业职工素质和林区企业管理水平处于第五层,是经营转型的基本因素;国有林区改革的法律依据和对全面停伐重要性、困难性的认识位于第四层;林区的招商引资能力位于第三层;技术研发能力和接替产业的发展情况位于第二层;而林区就业机会处于第一层。且自下自上,每层因素对上层因素都有直接影响。     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.     

国土资源行政管理的若干应用基础理论问题（上）——自然资源属性分析

从自然属性、技术属性、经济属性三个角度分析入手 ,建立了自然资源的科学分类体系。     

实施全球资源战略 保障资源供应安全

实施全球资源战略是经济全球化趋势的客观要求,而经济全球化在为发展中国家提供发展机遇的同时,又对国家安全提出了严峻挑战.本文在阐述我国实施全球资源战略客观性、必要性的基础上,提出了我国实施全球资源战略中防范和抵御全球化负面影响、保障资源供应安全的措施建议.     

重构乡村基层社会生活的实态--一个值得深入考察的徽州古村落宅坦

古村落宅坦位于绩溪西部的崇山峻岭之中 ,胡氏宗族在生存条件极为恶劣的情况下 ,组织族人改造环境 ,使之成为人与自然和谐相处的乡村社会。千百年来 ,在特定的时空条件下 ,经过一系列的社会变迁 ,古村落已形成宗族组织、文化科举和商业的良性互动 ,从而创造了古村落的文明。三者之间宗族居于核心地位。传统中国社会的动乱也会在这里引起反响 ,但是由于宗族聚居的格局使古村落乃至徽州社会具有特殊的应变力 ,直至近代仍保持自身的稳定。宅坦村有着丰富的资料遗存 ,为我们在宅坦从事田野考察、重构古村落的实态 ,提供了必要的前提。可以预见 ,宅坦必将以其丰富的人文内涵为世人所瞩目