2010年国际市场大宗商品价格以震荡为主

经济基本面、流动性、美元走势以及地缘政治是影响国际大宗商品价格走势的主要因素。2009年虽然经济基本面并不支持,但在经济回升预期、流动性充裕以及美元持续贬值等因素的共同作用下,全球大宗商品价格先于世界经济触底回升并强劲反弹。2010年,尽管流动性因素在各国政府刺激政策退出的预期下可能会有所改变,但全球经济逐步复苏的基本面因素以及美元长期走软趋势决定国际市场大宗商品价格的升势不会发生根本性逆转,但震荡将加剧。     

应着力解决我国大宗商品国际定价权缺失问题

目前,我国大宗商品国际定价权缺失严重,尤其在石油、燃料油、大豆等商品的国际贸易中缺少定价话语权,主要原因在于我国期货市场规模较小,不利于参与大宗商品的国际定价;企业行业集中度低,没有形成对外议价的合力。我国应不断完善期货市场,逐步形成大宗商品的权威国际基准价格;发展企业联盟,争取国际价格谈判优势;多措并举,积极参与国际定价。     

货币供应量、大宗商品价格超调对CPI的影响 ——基于协整检验和VEC模型

本文研究了中国货币供给变动对大宗商品价格和CPI的影响,以及货币供给冲击下大宗商品价格波动对CPI的影响.在VAR模型基础上建立误差修正(VEC)模型,得到各变量的长期稳定关系,并通过脉冲响应和方差分解从响应幅度和反应时间上对研究内容进行实证分析,提出对我国货币政策、大宗商品价格与物价调控的相关对策建议.     

货币供应量、大宗商品价格超调对CPI的影响 ——基于协整检验和VEC模型

本文研究了中国货币供给变动对大宗商品价格和CPI的影响,以及货币供给冲击下大宗商品价格波动对CPI的影响.在VAR模型基础上建立误差修正(VEC)模型,得到各变量的长期稳定关系,并通过脉冲响应和方差分解从响应幅度和反应时间上对研究内容进行实证分析,提出对我国货币政策、大宗商品价格与物价调控的相关对策建议.     

VAR方法在某大型外贸企业风险管理中的应用

由于市场价格波动导致资产损失是大宗商品贸易企业经营中所面临的一个最主要的风险,如何定量、系统地管理这种风险对我国的大宗商品贸易企业提出了严峻的挑战。VAR方法为企业迎接这一挑战提供了较好的解决方案。本文介绍了VAR方法的概念、参数、计算方法;并结合某大型外贸企业的实例,介绍了如何用VAR方法管理市场风险以及进行风险调整后的绩效评价。     

VAR方法在某大型外贸企业风险管理中的应用

由于市场价格波动导致资产损失是大宗商品贸易企业经营中所面临的一个最主要的风险,如何定量、系统地管理这种风险对我国的大宗商品贸易企业提出了严峻的挑战.VAR方法为企业迎接这一挑战提供了较好的解决方案.本文介绍了VAR方法的概念、参数、计算方法;并结合某大型外贸企业的实例,介绍了如何用VAR方法管理市场风险以及进行风险调整后的绩效评价.     

大宗商品价格变化与汇率波动的动态关系——兼论中国外汇储备结构调整

2008年全球金融危机以来,大宗商品价格变化与一些大宗商品输出国货币汇率的波动态势较为一致。这是偶然巧合还是必然联系?本文利用VEC向量误差修正模型等对相关数据进行了实证分析后表明,2008年以来,大宗商品价格上升对澳大利亚、加拿大等大宗商品输出国货币汇率有正面推动作用。基于此,本文建议:为降低外汇储备风险,中国需要适时增加大宗商品输出国货币和资产在外汇储备中的比重,同时相应减持美元和美元资产。     

国际大宗商品价格至中国上下游价格的时变传导效应*

本文采用国际大宗商品价格、中国国内总产出、货币政策变量和上下游价格数据，通过构建多个TVPVARSV模型考察了1997—2017年国际大宗商品价格向中国上下游价格的时变传导效应。研究表明，由于受到来自国际生产资料和生活资料分类价格变动趋势异质性、上下游价格传导路径异质性和价格信息传导机制结构性变动的影响，国际大宗商品价格向中国上下游价格的传导效应呈现时变特征。国际大宗商品价格对国内上游价格传导稳定，但对下游价格传导长期下降，这解释了我国PPI和CPI走势的偏离现象。     

我国贸易条件异常波动的内外冲击因素

针对2007年第二季度至2012年期间我国价格贸易条件异常波动的现象,文章利用可变参数状态空间模型,比较分析了相关要素的影响方向和力度。结果表明:(1)国外产出缺口、国际大宗商品价格和人民币升值是影响我国价格贸易条件异常波动的主要原因;(2)比较收入贸易条件的影响因素,国外产出缺口始终处于正向影响,人民币升值具有较强的负向影响,国际大宗商品价格和国内通货膨胀的影响较中性。     

大宗商品进口汇率传递及动态趋势

本文采用两阶段模型,基于我国代表性大宗进口商品2000-2013年的月度数据,研究了汇率波动向进口价格的传递效应、其动态趋势及宏微观成因.研究发现,汇率波动对我国大宗进口商品价格的影响均为不完全传递,长期传递率仅为0.3左右,其程度因商品而异;滚动回归显示2008年以后汇率传递率呈下降趋势,表明人民币的缓慢升值并没有带来大宗进口商品人民币价格的同步下降.究其原因,大宗商品汇率传递率主要受到宏观因素而非微观行业因素的影响,近年传递率下降可由货币供给量较快上升、持续的经济增长予以解释,仅在原油的例子中发现进口原油所占市场份额上升对汇率传递率下降有显著影响.     

Race‐to‐the‐bottom Tariff Cutting

Unilateral tariff liberalization accounts for the lion's share of trade liberalization since the 1980s and has accompanied the most successful trade‐led development model of the past 50 years, “Factory Asia”. Understanding what drove this liberalization is therefore crucial to our grasp of the process of economic development. This paper provides empirical evidence for seven Asian emerging economies from 1988 to 2006 consistent with a tariff race to the bottom driven by a competition for foreign direct investment (FDI). The identification is two‐pronged. First, it is shown that tariffs on parts and components, intermediates and capital goods, crucial locational determinants for assembly firms, are correlated in competitive space, i.e. across countries at a similar level of development, but not across all countries. Second, it is shown that the tariff correlation in competitive space is significantly higher for inputs than consumer goods.     

Life‐Cycle Patterns of Interest‐Rate Mark‐Ups in Small‐Firm Finance*

We derive empirical implications from a theoretical model of bank–borrower relationships. The interest‐rate mark‐ups of banks are predicted to follow a life‐cycle pattern over the age of the borrowing firms. Because of endogenous bank monitoring by competing banks, borrowing firms initially face a low mark‐up, and thereafter an increasing mark‐up as a result of informational lock‐in, until it falls for older firms when the lock‐in is resolved. By applying a large sample of predominantly small unlisted firms and a new measure of asymmetric information, we find that firms with significant asymmetric‐information problems have a more pronounced life‐cycle pattern of interest‐rate mark‐ups. Additionally, we examine the effects of concentrated banking markets on interest‐rate mark‐ups. The results indicate that the life cycle of mark‐ups is mainly driven by asymmetric‐information problems and not by concentration. However, we find evidence that bank market concentration matters for older firms ? 2 Correction added after online publication on 20^th February 2012; the original text read ‘However, we find evidence that bank market concentration for older firms’, omitting the word ‘matters’.
     

Motivation crowding‐out and green‐paradox‐like outcomes

We analyze the effectiveness of environmental policy in a framework in which households’ utility is determined by both private and social components, representing their extrinsic and intrinsic motivations to undertake green actions, respectively. Environmental policy, in the form of a subsidy aiming to incentivize the adoption of a green technology, on the one hand, directly increases households’ extrinsic motivation, while, on the other hand, indirectly decreases their intrinsic motivation. We show that, provided that the indirect effect dominates, the policy leads to crowding‐out of intrinsic motivation which ultimately undermines the effectiveness of the policy itself. Specifically, despite its positive effect on environmental outcomes in the short run, the policy will lead to a deterioration in long‐run environmental outcomes, giving rise to a reverse green‐paradox‐like outcome. Moreover, even in the case in which the direct effect dominates, provided that the indirect effect is large enough, the policy will generate a deterioration in short‐run environmental outcomes. These results clearly suggest that the optimal design of environmental policy is particularly complicated since it requires to take into account also its effects on intrinsic motivation.     

Long‐term care and pay‐for‐performance programs

Pay‐for‐performance programs are gradually spreading across Asia. This paper builds on the longer experience in the United States to offer lessons for Asia. The Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services has introduced several pay‐for‐performance programs since 2012 to encourage hospitals to improve quality of care and reduce costs. Some state Medicaid programs have also introduced pay‐for‐performance for nursing homes. Long‐term care providers play an important role in hospital pay‐for‐performance programs because they can affect the readmission rate and also total episode payments. A good pay‐for‐performance program will focus on improving quality of care that affects health outcomes. In addition, that quality must vary across providers and be measurable. Furthermore, it is important that the measures be reported in a timely way, that both demand and supply respond to the measures, and that the measures be risk adjusted. Empirical data from Medicare beneficiaries in the state of Michigan show that mean episode payments and readmission rates in skilled nursing facilities vary widely and are sensitive to the number of observations. These practical matters create challenges for implementing pay‐for‐performance in practice. There is an extensive literature review of pay‐for‐performance in long‐term care in the United States and in Asia.     

TURNPIKE PROPERTIES OF A MONEY‐IN‐THE‐UTILITY‐FUNCTION MODEL*

This study establishes the global stability of a long‐run stationary state in a money‐in‐the‐utility‐function model. The major finding is that the constant money supply rule results in a stable allocation and price system if consumers discount their future utilities sufficiently weakly. Nominal and real interest rates will be in the neighbourhood of the inverse of the consumers’ discount factor β^‐1.     

STOCK‐BOND CO‐MOVEMENTS AND FLIGHT‐TO‐QUALITY IN G7 COUNTRIES: A TIME‐FREQUENCY ANALYSIS

This paper examines co‐movement between stock returns and changes in 10‐year government bond yields as well as flight‐to‐quality behaviour in G7 countries. We conduct the wavelet squared coherence analysis to explore the dynamics in both time and frequency domain. Our results provide evidence of positive co‐movements, which vary over time and across investment horizon. The higher co‐movement is found to be more concentrated in the lower frequency bands. We further analyse the dynamic nature of the scale‐dependent wavelet correlations and find that the correlations are highly volatile and significantly increase across different time scales during the episodes of equity market turbulence. The increase in correlations reflects flights from stocks to safer bond investments as a result of dramatic changes in investor sentiment and risk aversion at times of market stress.     

Estimation of Structural Nonlinear Errors‐in‐Varibles Models by Simulated Least‐Squares Method

This article proposes a simulation approach to obtain least‐squares or generalized least‐squares estimators of structural nonlinear errors‐in‐variables models. The proposed estimators are computationally attractive because they do not need numerical integration nor huge numbers of simulations per observable. In addition, the asymptotic covariance matrix of the estimator has a simple decomposition that may be used to guide selection of appropriate simulation sizes. The method is also useful for models with missing data or imperfect surrogate covariates, where application of conventional least‐squares and maximum‐likelihood methods is restricted by numerical multidimensional integrations.