环境、农事与耕牛——近代江南地区耕牛的饲育与役用

本文从生态适应性的角度探讨环境、耕牛、人之间的关系。由于受环境的限制,近代江南地区的耕牛数量严重不足。基于此,围绕着耕牛的饲育与役用问题产生了一系列的社会关系与社会过程,受农事节律的影响,这种社会关系与过程又表现出很强的季节性特点：春天是备耕的时节,因而也是耕牛交易的高涨时期,迫于需要,许多农家只好以高利贷的形式赊购耕牛;农忙时分,为保证农业生产的顺利进行,贫穷之家则通过租借等方式以获取牛力投入;农闲时分,为节省饲料等费用,许多农家便把耕牛卖掉。而在这一过程中。小农户表现得尤为明显。     

海南农垦天然橡胶的生产效率研究

通过调查海南农垦天然橡胶生产投入产出状况和管理水平,使用数据包络方法,研究了海南农垦天然橡胶生产各生产要素投入产出能力和效率层次。结果发现:海南农垦天橡胶生产效率存在有效和弱效2个层次,其中有效层次是主要的,弱效层次是次要的,且弱效DMU的生产潜力可以挖掘;建议实行橡胶生产分层次管理、全面革新生产技术体系和加快培养橡胶技术人才。     

增加农民收入的关键:扩大非农就业机会

本文详尽分析了农民务农收入变化规律并评价了主要农业政策的可能影响,通过计算认为今后一个时期内需要转移出大量农业劳动力,进而认为在公共政策层面上提高农民务农劳动收入的关键是扩大和统一劳动力市场,最终目标是大规模转移农业劳动力。为此,政府应当把工作重心放在扩大就业,创造更多的非农就业机会;逐步消除劳动力转移的各种制度性障碍;增加对农村教育支出的比重,加强义务教育、职业教育和就业技能培训,为农民抓住和创造就业机会提供现实可能性。     

Family Farming,Farm Labour and Rural Employment. Who Works Where? An International Comparison

Family farming provides employment but we are not seeing a trend toward more paid agricultural workers. However, family farming appears to be the best way of maintaining a dynamic rural milieu and helping to establish the preconditions for the development of rural employment. In addition, a family farming structure creates a demand for off-farm (rural) employment for family members who want to use their time more profitably. Traditionally, rural communities were built around farming. Today, farming families depend upon employment in rural communities. The changing interdependent relationship may provide a new creative synergy.     

Land Tenure,Tenure Security and Farm Efficiency: Panel Evidence from the Philippines

This article tests the relationships among formalised property rights, land tenure contracts and productive efficiency in farming. Using four rounds of panel data from 230 rice farms in the Philippines, we measure the effects of land tenure arrangements on farm efficiency using a stochastic production frontier model. We test for the allocative efficiency of observed land rental markets. We also test how land tenure security affects farmers' investment decisions. Results suggest that, despite the presence of formalised titles, the rental market remains inefficient at allocating land. In contrast, the unformalised tenure contracts used by farmers appear to provide tenure security.     

超效率DEA模型下福建省三明市葡提类家庭农场规模效率研究

本文以福建省三明市葡萄、提子种植家庭农场为研究对象,以调查统计为基础,采用数据包络分析(DEA)为工具,采用超效率DEA模型,对三明市葡提类家庭农场种植规模和效率进行了科学的分析,根据分析评价,对葡提类家庭农场如何增加收入,增加效益提出了相关的建议,以期对今后农户的生产经营提供帮助。     

典型家庭农场组织化程度对生产效率的影响分析

现阶段中国农业生产仍属于高投入、低效率的粗放模式,粮食安全缺乏可持续性.研究不同规模下不同组织形式的家庭农场生产效率,有助于揭示在中国农业高质量发展阶段中通过转变农业经营组织形式提高粮食生产效率,保障国家粮食安全的新路径.本文利用湖北武汉、安徽郎溪等地家庭农场的问卷调查数据,采用三阶段DEA方法比较纯种植与种养结合两类...     

从种植业布局战略性转移看我国国土利用效率

建国后我国用二十年左右时间扭转了持续千年的"南粮北调"局面,实现了长江以北降雨量较少区域的粮食持续增产.二十世纪八十年代初期联产承包制的顺利实施使全国粮食生产又上了一个台阶.二十世纪九十年代北方粮食继续增产,实现了"北粮南调"并有力地支持了东南沿海迅速增加的非农土地需求.我国种植业布局的战略性转移,表明了我国国土利用效率的不断提高.     

The Impact of Coupled and Decoupled Government Subsidies on Off-Farm Labor Participation of U.S. Farm Operators

With the 1996 Farm Act, the United States introduced payments that were designed to be "decoupled." Labor allocation choices are likely to be affected by receipt of payments, and income from off-farm jobs has been the major source of income for most farm households for sometime. This article examines whether the 1996 change has affected the off-farm labor participation of farm households. We conclude that the observed increase in off-farm participation of farm operators who received payments was not the result of the 1996 policy change. Government payments, whether coupled or decoupled, have a negative effect on off-farm labor participation.     

Farm Level Supply of Short Rotation Woody Crops: Economic Assessment in the Long‐Term for Household Farming Systems

In this paper, we propose an analysis and modeling of farmers’ decision to convert a part of their annual crops area into woody crops: short rotation coppices (SRCs). Different criteria—technical, economic, and financial—are highlighted in the farmers’ decision to adopt this production. A farm‐level model is proposed and incorporates these decision criteria. The objective is to test several incentive scenarios to encourage risk‐averse cereal farmers to plant trees. A multiperiod model of investment is built and tests possible adoption by farmers based on financial and structural parameters and according to the outlook of agricultural markets. The simulations show that if the cash crop prices fluctuate in the future and if farmers are risk averse the strategy of on‐farm diversification toward woody crops under contractual arrangements could be relevant for farmers to mitigate the risks in the long run. Cet article présente une analyse et une modélisation de la décision d’un agriculteur céréalier qui souhaite convertir une partie de sa surface en grande culture en Taillis à Courte Rotation (TCR). Un modèle multi‐périodique d’investissement est construit et incorpore différents critères techniques, économiques et financiers qui entrent dans la décision d’adopter ces nouvelles cultures pérennes. Le modèle permet de tester le rôle de différents types de soutiens, proposés aujourd’hui dans le cadre de la Politique Agricole Commune européenne, permettant d’encourager les agriculteurs averses au risque à planter des arbres. Les simulations montrent que si les prix des grandes cultures annuelles fluctuent à l’avenir, si la plantation d’arbres est soutenue et si les agriculteurs sont averses au risque, la stratégie de se diversifier vers la plantation d’arbres à croissance rapide, sous contrat, peut permettre d’atténuer le risque à long terme.     

The Technical Efficiency Impact of Farm Credit Programmes: A Case Study of Northern Germany

We analyse the technical efficiency of dairy farms in Schleswig‐Holstein that took part in the European Farm Credit Programme over the period 1987 to 1994. One goal of this programme is to increase the productivity of farms. We test whether participants show higher technical efficiency. We utilise a stochastic frontier model that allows for heteroscedasticity and estimation of determinants of technical inefficiency. Statistical tests indicate dominance of this model over alternative specifications. On average, we observe a high level of technical efficiency between 1987–94, but participation in the programme has rather led to a slight decrease. Thus, the programme seems to have failed to increase the competitiveness of farms.     

Credit Constraints: Their Existence, Determinants, and Implications for U.S. Farm and Nonfarm Sole Proprietorships

The objective of this study is to determine the effect of credit constraints on production for farm and nonfarm sole proprietorships. A propensity score-matching estimator is employed to provide unbiased estimates of the production impacts of being denied credit. The empirical results demonstrate that the value of production is significantly lower for credit-constrained sole proprietorships. If this drop in the value of production is aggregated to a national level, it constitutes only 3% and 13% of total value of production for farm and nonfarm sole proprietorships, respectively.     

U.S. Farm Policy and the Volatility of Commodity Prices and Farm Revenues

A dynamic three-commodity rational-expectations storage model is used to compare the impact of the Federal Agricultural Improvement and Reform (FAIR) Act of 1996 with a free-market policy, and with pre-FAIR policies. Results suggest that FAIR did not lead to significant increases in long-run price volatility or revenue volatility. The main impact of pre-FAIR, relative to the free-market regime, was to substitute government storage for private storage in a way that did little to support prices or to stabilize farm incomes. Results also indicate that U.S. grain market volatility in 1995–2000 was due to fundamental market forces and not to FAIR.     

浅谈统计工作

"快"、"精"、"准"是当前统计工作的准则和特点,三者相辅相成,辩证统一。实现统计工作的"快"、"精"、"准",涉及统计工作的各个环节和各个方面,需要进行一系列的改革。 一是要进一步转变观念,处理好快与准,精与全的关系。统计数据既要快,又要准,要在准的前提下要求快,在高效率中求准。准是前提,是基础,搞准统计数据是统计人员的天职,是统计部门第一位的     

The Role of Community and Farm Characteristics in Farm Input Purchasing Patterns

This work uses unique data from three dairy-dependent communities in rural Wisconsin to test established theory and empirical studies that link farm structure to local purchasing patterns. A theoretical model of purchasing choices is developed to derive the demand determinants of local purchasing. This model is tested empirically across eleven major dairy farm inputs using a double-bounded Tobit model that also includes community characteristics. The empirical estimations find little support for a general linkage between farm-level characteristics and local purchasing patterns. The results do suggest that different community characteristics provide some explanations for diverse purchasing patterns.