Facing the gap: exploring research on local knowledge of insect-provided services in agroecosystems

Sustainable agroecosystems must be managed to support biodiversity conservation and food production, which occur at the interface of regional/national policy frameworks, and local knowledge and perspectives. This paper examines the current breadth of research examining farmer knowledge of beneficial insect activities that provide ecosystem services (or benefits) in agroecosystems. We identify patterns and gaps in the literature and opportunities for future research. We found 34 studies that explicitly focused on and documented local knowledge of how insect taxa provided ecosystem services in agroecosystems, the majority of which were immediately observable in farmers’ daily practice: pest control (n?=?26), pollination (n?=?4). We suggest that there is a need for greater investigation of local knowledge of the breadth of ecosystem services provided by insects and identify key research areas that are opportunities for investigation.     

井冈山国家级自然保护区森林生态系统服务功能价值测度

应用生态学和生态经济学原理及方法对井冈山国家级自然保护区生态系统服务功能价值进行了定量评价。结果表明:井冈山国家级自然保护区森林生态系统每年生态服务功能总价值为11.2998亿元/a,其中直接经济价值和间接经济价值分别为0.8952亿元/a和10.4047亿元/a,间接经济价值是直接经济价值的11.62倍。     

广州市流溪河流域白云区段生态系统服务价值

分析了流溪河流域白云区段生态系统的景观变化和生态环境现状，依据该段的土地详查数据(1993年)及其土地利用变更调查数据(2001年末)，引用Constanza等对全球生态系统服务单位公顷价值的平均估算结果，对流溪河流域白云区段生态系统服务价值进行评估；2001年流溪河流域白云区段生态系统服务的总价值为85190050．43美元，折合人民币70700．75万元，相当于该区域同期GDP的6．22％；由于存在一些影响核算结果准确性的因素，该结果是粗略与保守的估算。     

区域竞争力研究的经济地理学价值

在经济全球化趋势中,日益激烈的全球竞争更加凸现了区域竞争力的经济地理特性,成为当前区域发展研究的前沿议题和经济地理学的发展方向之一;开展区域竞争力研究有利于丰富经济地理学理论,推动区域竞争力的宏观与微观相结合的研究,丰富我国区域竞争力理论研究的区域层次,促进区域在市场经济条件下开展竞争和发展竞争优势。     

基于生态服务价值的东江源区生态补偿标准研究

利用Costanza等对生态系统服务价值估算的原理,分析东江源区生态系统的主要服务功能,界定东江源区生态系统服务功能价值的补偿范围;在借鉴前人评估结果的基础上,完善东江源区生态系统服务价值评估,并计算补偿标准,为东江源区实施生态补偿提供理论依据。     

武汉市南湖湿地生态系统服务功能价值评估研究

通过对南湖湿地生态系统服务功能价值进行评估研究,可对南湖湿地的保护与生态质量的提高提供一定的依据。采用资源经济学和生态经济学的理论与方法,分别对资源功能、环境功能和人文功能对南湖湿地的生态系统服务功能价值进行了评估,得出了南湖湿地的生态服务价值为623 513.79万元,且其非使用价值大于直接使用价值和间接使用价值。     

经济发达区土地利用变化与生态服务价值损益研究——以浙江省慈溪市为例

研究目的:以浙江省慈溪市1999—2005年的土地利用详查及更新调查数据,研究该地区土地利用变化及其所引起的生态系统服务价值的变化。研究方法:土地利用类型动态度法、土地利用程度综合指数法、生态系统服务价值当量计算法。研究结果:研究区1999—2005年园地、林地、建设用地呈增加趋势,耕地基本不变,水利设施用地和未利用地呈减少趋势;土地利用程度指数逐年上升;生态系统服务价值却随当地经济的发展逐渐下降。研究结论:今后的土地利用规划一定要严格控制建设用地扩张,提高用地效率,保证经济稳步增长和生态环境质量不断提高。     

Forest governance and economic values of forest ecosystem services in Vietnam

Forest ecosystems deliver valuable services to humanity. However, many forests are being degraded and their services have been undervalued. The main problem lies in the inadequate institutional arrangements for forest governance. This paper aims to assess the effects of alternative forest governance arrangements on the provision and economic values of forest ecosystem services (FES) in Vietnam. The study presents a framework for mapping land use and land cover (LULC) change stemming from actual and hypothetical changes in forest governance regimes, quantifies the resulting changes in the provision of FES, and estimates the associated economic values. In the context of the study site in the North Western uplands of Vietnam, we test three alternative forest governance scenarios: business as usual, with a dominant government role; a community-based governance regime; and a private, individual-based forestry governance regime. Scenarios are based quite closely on the way these regimes are (or might be expected to be) implemented in Vietnam. For each forest governance scenario, we map LULC changes based on land suitability analysis and transition likelihood for the period 2010 − 2020. The resulting maps are used as inputs into the InVEST (Integrated Valuation of Environmental Services and Tradeoffs) model, which is used to estimate the quantity of three specific FES: carbon storage/sequestration, sediment yield, and water yield. We apply economic valuation methods to value these services: the social cost of carbon is used to estimate the economic values of carbon storage/sequestration; the cost of removing sediment deposited in reservoirs is applied for valuing the reduction of sediment yield, and the residual value of water supply for hydropower generation is used for valuing water yield. The results show that forest governance regimes have a significant effect not only on forest LULC, but also on the quantity and values of FES derived from forests. The FES are differentially affected by alternative forest governance regimes: some FES increase in quantity and value under some governance regimes and decrease under others. Of the three forest governance regimes examined, there is no one regime that will always be ‘better’ than the others in terms of provisioning all considered FES. For the specific context of Vietnam, we find that the private forest governance scenario is inferior to the community-based governance scenario, as an alternative to the current state-based governance. Because our results pertain to the scenarios as constructed, rather than generally to broad categories of governance regimes, there remains the possibility that regimes can be constructed that outperform all of those examined here.     

Ecosystem-based adaptation in cities: An analysis of European urban climate adaptation plans

Ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) measures have been increasingly promoted in the literature, as well as in policies and practices, for their environmental and socio-economic co-benefits. The recent scientific literature has shown a growing interest to assess climate adaptation plans at the urban level, in recognition of the important role played by urban areas in addressing climate change challenges. However, little information is available on the combination of these two issues, i.e., the actual inclusion of EbA measures in climate adaptation plans at the urban level. This paper addresses this gap by developing a framework to analyze the treatment of EbA in urban level climate planning, and apply it to a sample of climate adaptation plans in Europe. The framework consists of a classification of EbA measures, and a scoring system to evaluate how well they are reflected in different components of the plans. The results suggest that there is in general good awareness in plans of EbA measures, and of their potential role in addressing climate change challenges. However, their treatment in climate adaptation plans at the urban level often lacks sufficient baseline information, as well as convincing implementation actions. The paper concludes by offering recommendations to improve future practice, in terms of enhancing the baseline information to improve the proposal and design of EbA measures, improving the treatment of co-benefits associated to EbA measures, and strengthening coordination with other planning tools. Possible future development of this works include the integration of the proposed EbA classification, and the analysis of a larger sample of territorial plans.     

青海湖流域主要生态系统服务价值驱动分析

通过定量分析生态系统服务价值的变化和气候、GDP、个人储蓄和城市化水平等社会经济驱动因子之间的相关性和敏感性,以识别影响青海湖生态环境的主要影响因素,调控和管理青海湖区域生态保护。研究方法:生态系统服务估值,MATLAB.7.0多元线性回归分析,敏感性分析。研究结果:(1)2000～2008年青海湖流域的湿地和草地生态系统服务价值分别下降11.16%、13.23%,主要是受到GDP和气候暖干化的影响,但对GDP变化并不敏感,对城市化和气温变化极为敏感;(2)2000～2008年青海湖流域农地的生态系统服务下降了57.93%,主要受气候暖干化和城市化的驱动所致,同时对城市化和气温变化极为敏感。研究结论:青海湖流域生态环境恶化是气候变化和经济社会发展的长期综合作用结果,青海湖流域尤其是天峻县的经济发展应该以实施生态保护战略为主导。     

The economic value of using range-based volatility for international REIT diversification

Conditional volatility of financial assets can be estimated through either a return-based estimator or a range-based estimator. This paper investigates whether the range-based estimator can lead to economic benefits over a return-based benchmark. We take an asset-allocation perspective and compare the performances of an all-REIT international portfolio using the two estimators. We find that the portfolio constructed based on the range-based estimator significantly outperforms the one constructed based on the return-based estimator. This conclusion is robust to different portfolio performance measures and asset allocation periods. We also demonstrate the implementability of the range-based portfolio by showing that the economic value of using it is sufficient to compensate for transaction costs. Overall, our findings suggest that using range-based volatility adds value to international diversification among real estate markets.     

浅析地质多样性对生态系统服务的作用与贡献

地质多样性与生物多样性一起构成了地球的自然多样性。地质多样性支撑并提供许多重要的生态系统服务,为其管理提供信息。但是在生态系统方法以及相应的国际政策中对地质多样性的认知比较混乱,表述不一致,现有生态系统服务及其评估分类缺失了地质多样性的内容。地质多样性维护着自然生态系统的稳定性,地质多样性的作用与贡献不可低估或忽视,分析地质系统为人类提供5类产品与服务的影响,有益于推动生态系统服务评估方法的改进。     

河道生态基流价值研究进展

分别从水资源价值、水生态环境价值与生态基流价值以及保障补偿等方面,评述了国内外河道生态基流的研究进展与存在问题。认为应将河道生态基流价值的定量计算和保障补偿作为后续研究的重点,以便为缺水地区生态基流长效保障机制的建立与枯水期有限水资源的科学管理等提供理论支撑与科学依据。     

区域生态系统服务功能及其公益价值研究——以南平市为例

以南平市为例,根据地表覆盖和土地利用方式将研究区划分为农业生态系统、林业生态系统、水域生态系统3种土地利用系统;运用替代工程法、机会成本法、市场价值法,选取CO2的储存与固定、O2的释放、养分循环与储存、净化环境、调蓄洪水等指标对该地区各生态系统的服务功能进行了估算;结果表明,该地区各生态系统所创造的间接经济价值为直接经济价值的7.06倍,所创造的价值量总和为当年(1999年)国民生产总值(214.93亿元)的3.63倍。森林生态系统所创造价值的贡献率最大,为87.25%,其次为农业生态系统、水域生态系统。     

碧峰峡景区生态系统服务及其价值评价

在分析生态系统服务基础上,运用市场价值法、影子工程法、机会成本法等对四川省雅安市碧峰峡景区生态系统服务进行价值量化.结果表明:面积为2000hm2的景区生态系统服务价值为22777.77万元/a,其中涵养水源类价值2327.92万元/a,保护土壤价值8778.92万元/a,固定CO2释放O2价值1423.13万元/a,净化空气价值339.87万元/a,游憩价值8000万元/a,提供野生生物价值1600万元/a,休闲文化价值307.93万元/a.     

济阳县黄河水利工程管理体制改革探讨

海南岛水生态系统服务功能价值评价结果表明,海南岛水体生态系统服务功能的直接价值为52.09亿元,间接价值为23.88亿元,合计总价值为75.97亿元,为2002年海南省国内生产总值（GDP）624.89亿元的12.16%.     

基于核心-边缘理论的地方产业群升级发展探讨

介绍了核心一边缘理论在分析同一产业不同层次产业群之间关联和发展的理论;结合最近关于地方产业群升级发展的探讨。给出了核心与边缘产业群控制和超越的动力机制;以IT产业和建筑陶瓷产业群为案例,分析了核心与边缘产业群关联和发展的阶段性和过程;探讨了边缘产业群升级发展的路径。     

天津市海水淡化需求预测及其经济价值测算

对天津市用水需求和供水能力进行分析估算。结果表明:为填补水资源供需缺口,预计到2020年,全市对海水淡化水的需求量约为3亿m3,海水淡化工程规模将达到80万t/d。根据海水淡化水用途,运用比例分摊、生产函数等计算方法,量化测算得海水淡化水用于居民生活、工业生产和浓海水综合利用的经济价值分别为39.75元/m3、96.8元/m3和2.7亿元/a。研究成果旨在为充分认识海水淡化水的经济效用和价值,科学决策海水淡化产业发展提供参考。     

休宁县传统山泉流水养鱼池的微观生态与美学价值

休宁县传统山泉流水养鱼池是一种开放且自成体系的特殊生态系统,具有丰富的生态环境多样性、物种多样性和遗传多样性。鱼池依山傍水、就地取材而建,完美地镶嵌在林间旱地、溪泉两侧、村落民居中,尽显人文与自然生态和谐之美,是一种古老而先进的养殖设施。利用山区充沛的流水和饲草资源,产出极高品质的水产品,依靠复杂完善的生态链和食物网系统高效清除养鱼污染。其强大的生态功能和深厚的美学人文价值,对现代设施渔业以及城市景观建设具有积极的指导和借鉴意义。     

秀山自治县土地整治生态系统服务价值响应研究

研究目的:对土地整治活动造成的生态系统价值变化进行定量显化,为土地整治项目规划设计以及生态效益评价提供依据。研究方法:市场价值法、水量平衡法、影子价格法、影子工程法。研究结果:在案例研究区域,土地整治后由耕地面积增加带来的生态系统服务价值的增加量为5765615.97元/年,而由滩涂和荒草地面积减少带来的生态系统服务价值的减少量为6050859.87元/年,二者相抵后,案例区由土地整治引起生态系统服务价值减少了285243.90元/年。研究结论:土地整治中土地利用类型的转换造成了各单项生态系统功能的价值及总价值的变化。