生活方式型旅游企业主移民社会交往研究

生活方式型旅游企业主移民是为了追求某种特定的生活方式,在目的地长时间居住,与周围群体发生交往.文章以大理古城生活方式型旅游企业主移民为研究对象,综合运用深度访谈、非参与式观察等方法,分析生活方式型旅游企业主移民的日常生活与社会交往.研究发现:生活方式型旅游企业主移民的日常活动主要分为三类:购物消费、朋友交往、休闲活动.生活方式型旅游企业主移民的社会交往"圈子"具有三大特征:(1)自发性和同质性;(2)随意性和非功利性;(3)交往空间的开放性与私密性.社会交往"圈子"对生活方式型旅游企业主移民的作用主要体现为":圈子"是生活方式型旅游企业主移民的信息来源和资源支持,圈子交往为生活方式移民提供了情感支撑和归属感.该研究丰富了旅游移民的研究内容,并为旅游目的地移民政策的制定、社区管理与目的地可持续发展提供参考.     

从消费到生产:大理古城生活方式型旅游企业主移民的生存特征

伴随着全球化的发展,人口流动性不断增强.以度假、养老、休闲等为目的的旅游移民迅速发展.生活方式型旅游企业主移民为了追求一种新的生活方式迁移到旅游目的地,为了维持在目的地的新生活,他们需要创造收入,为了平衡工作与休闲,一般会选择经营旅游小企业,他们集生产与消费于一体.但关于生活方式型旅游企业主移民的研究有限.文章采用定性研究方法,综合运用深度访谈、非参与式观察和二手资料等方法,重点分析生活方式型旅游企业主移民在大理古城的生产和生活特征.研究发现:(1)生活方式型旅游企业主移民主要是来自北上广深的白领和金领;(2)旅游企业主移民将个人的兴趣爱好、价值观及生活方式与企业的经营相结合,使他们既能维持生存,又能按照自己的想法经营企业,平衡工作与生活;(3)生活方式型旅游企业主的日常活动和社会交往集中于住所-旅游小企业的小范围区域内,形成了基于共同兴趣爱好的移民内部“交往圈子”.总之,生活方式型旅游企业主移民在大理古城的聚集形成了小型的流动的移民社区,他们一直保持“在路上”,区别于根植于当地的传统社区居民和典型的游客.     

西安回坊旅游劳工移民的地方依恋与幸福感

"地方"与"流动性"理论是近年来文化地理与旅游管理研究的热点命题,但以往该领域研究相对忽视了旅游劳工移民这一重要对象群体.为此,该研究在建构旅游劳工移民地方依恋对主观幸福感影响的概念模型基础上,以典型城市民族旅游社区西安回坊为例,构建结构方程模型进行验证分析,获得以下结论:(1)回坊旅游劳工移民地方依恋由宗教依恋、物质依恋、社交依恋3个维度构成;(2)劳工移民对正面情感的感知较少,只表现出高兴、快乐、愉快一类的基本积极情绪,而对负面情感的感知较为全面,包括愤怒、耻辱、忧虑、嫉妒、内疚、悲哀;(3)宗教依恋对主观幸福感的影响最大,物质依恋的影响次之,社交依恋的影响最小;(4)回坊旅游劳工移民的生活状态并不理想,劳工移民在回坊的总体融入程度较低,目前仅满足了其基本的宗教信仰需求和物质生活需求,而更深层次的社交需求并没有得到满足.该研究不仅揭示了地方依恋对主观幸福感的作用机制,同时为深入理解少数民族移民问题及社区管理提供基本科学参照,助力城市民族旅游社区有序发展.     

韩国国家形象感知与旅游意向研究——以中国潜在旅游者为例

文章将旅游研究领域的国家形象界定为国际旅游者对目的地国家的总体认知和情感的心理表征,并将其划分为宏观国家形象和微观国家形象两个构成部分.以韩国作为旅游目的地国家,中国潜在旅游者作为调查对象,探讨潜在旅游者对韩国国家形象的感知,检验国家形象构成维度及其与旅游意向之间的关系.研究表明,宏观国家认知形象由国家特征、国家能力、国民特征、环境管理和国家关系5个维度构成,微观国家认知形象由旅游环境、旅游设施和文化氛围3个维度构成.国家情感形象对潜在旅游者的旅游意向有显著影响;微观国家认知形象显著影响国家情感形象,宏观国家认知形象中的国民特征因子显著影响国家情感形象;国家认知形象通过国家情感形象的中介作用对潜在旅游者的旅游意向产生影响.研究结论为韩国和中国旅游管理部门提升国家形象,应对旅游市场全球化的挑战以及参与国际旅游竞争提供一定的借鉴意义.     

目的地网络界面对旅游者体验及品牌形象的影响

旅游目的地推广营销所使用的官方网站、微博、电子商务平台等网络渠道构成了旅游者接触目的地的网络界面。旅游目的地网络界面特征主要包含信息价值、友好性和交互性3个要素。为探索旅游目的地网络界面对旅游者体验及品牌形象的影响,构建了旅游目的地网络界面特征、旅游者体验与目的地品牌形象的结构方程模型。研究发现,旅游目的地网络界面特征的3个要素通过功能体验和情感体验两个中介因素影响游客对目的地品牌形象的感知,但信息价值对情感体验的影响不显著。基于以上结论,对旅游目的地优化网络界面提出了策略建议。     

旅游企业社会责任对目的地形象及游客忠诚的影响研究

在旅游市场竞争日趋激烈的背景下,由旅游企业经营所引发的社会责任问题受到广泛关注,但学界关于旅游企业社会责任的影响研究还不够系统和深入.文章将旅游企业社会责任划分为6个方面,将目的地形象划分为认知形象和情感形象两个方面,并构建了旅游企业社会责任对目的地形象及游客忠诚的影响模型.实证研究表明,旅游企业社会责任在目的地形象及游客忠诚形成中发挥非常重要的作用,其中,经济责任、环境责任、游客责任、员工责任和法律责任对认知形象有正向影响,游客责任、员工责任和慈善责任对情感形象有正向影响;认知形象和情感形象不仅对游客忠诚产生直接影响,而且通过游客满意对游客忠诚产生间接作用.相比认知形象,情感形象对游客满意和忠诚的影响作用更大.     

基于主客视角的苏南传统村落旅游地乡愁的时间特征

“记得住乡愁”是乡村旅游和乡村振兴的重要内容。本文基于居民和游客视角,以苏南传统村落为案例地,探讨乡愁的时间特征。结果表明：（1）乡愁主体方面：相对暂居村落的外来人口,三代以上的世代居民对家乡乡愁情感更加强烈;出生在1950—1959和1960—1978年间的这两代游客较多成长在乡村,乡愁文化感知相对更高;离开家乡在外工作生活时间越长的游客在传统村落旅游时,其乡愁情感和乡愁记忆比起未离开家乡或离开家乡较短的人更加强烈。（2）乡愁触点方面：触发居民和游客乡愁的季节集中在秋天和冬天,天气集中在下雨和落雪时,时辰集中在深夜和傍晚时,节庆集中在春节、中秋节、清明节和家乡特有节日,假日主要集中在周末、寒假和“十一”国庆假期。（3）乡愁记忆方面：主客乡愁记忆都主要集中在童年,其次是青少年,最后是成年和老年;游客产生乡愁的频率比居民频率相对高。（4）乡愁载体回忆顺序：主客乡愁载体都会提到“家”和“乡”相关场所和空间,其回忆的顺序是家人、家、家乡和国家。文章最后总结了乡愁旅游开发的启示。     

民族旅游地外来小企业地方融入的个案研究

该研究关注外来小企业在民族旅游地的融入过程，以贵州黄岗侗寨月也堂民宿为案例，采用扎根理论方法建构了人-企业-地方多元互动的地方融入理论模型，分析外来旅游小企业成功融入民族旅游地的全过程，并解构其地方融入的多主体共谋和多维度渗透机制。研究发现，民族旅游地外来小企业的地方融入始于人地互动的动机耦合；地方融入过程经历了由外来到进入、由进入到嵌入、再由嵌入到融入的3个阶段；企业-地方的生产互动、人-企业-地方多主体共谋的社会-文化-情感互动推动了外来小企业实现社会、文化和心理的多维度融入。该研究视企业与企业主为一体，拓展了地方融入理论的解读空间，也为民族旅游地经济可持续发展提供经验借鉴。     

区域旅游城市生态位测评及竞合模式研究——以珠江三角洲为例

区域旅游系统是一个由自然环境和社会环境构成的复杂的生态系统.区域旅游城市生态位的测量由旅游资源维、市场维、社会经济维和环境维4大维度32项变量构成.本文以珠江三角洲旅游城市生态位的测评为基础,结合聚类分析,将该区域旅游系统内的城市划分为三种类型,指出各类城市的优劣势及发展潜力.     

大陆居民赴台湾自由行旅游流网络分析及演化研究

随着人们旅游消费能力逐渐增强,对旅游品质的要求越来越高,自由行已经成为人们主要出游方式之一。文章以大陆居民赴台湾自由行为对象,采用数据挖掘技术采集我国最大旅游分享社区网站2009年以来的台湾自由行行程信息,构建了细粒度的旅游流有向网络,并使用社会网络理论进行分析。研究表明,该网络属于无标度网络,网络规模为2656,但平均路径只有4.3,网络密度较低,节点的度分布满足幂律分布,网络核心区与边缘区互动较少。按照时间顺序构建旅游流网络,研究网络的演化并分析其演化动力,发现网络规模、连接数量都与行程数量近似于比例增长,网络演化过程中新增加的节点优先链接网络中的明星节点。文章首次从网络演化的角度使用社会网络理论研究旅游流,丰富和拓展了旅游流研究内容。     

Holiday Home Owners,a Route to Sustainable Tourism Development? An Economic Analysis of Tourist Expenditure Data

Although sustainable tourism comprises economic, social and environmental aspects, economic analysis has been less evident in the literature. This paper takes an economic perspective to evaluate the contribution of holiday home owners to a local economy. Tourism destinations which are at the mature stages of the tourism lifecycle wish to maximise revenue from tourism while minimising costs such as overcrowding. A prime objective has to be to attract the more economically valuable tourists. In this paper an analysis of North Wexford in Ireland poses questions such as: How does the holiday home owners’ expenditure in the local area compare to that of traditional tourists? Do they purchase different types of goods? What levels of local expenditure do holiday home owners engage in for the upkeep or development of their second properties? What are the implications of these findings? The results show that there are clear economic benefits for an area that people deem attractive enough to build or purchase a holiday home in. This type of tourist has a high annual spend relative to other tourists and much of this expenditure seems to be concentrated in the local area. These findings need to be incorporated into the broader debate regarding the advantages and disadvantages of holiday home owners and the possibility of them comprising a route to sustainable development for local tourist areas.     

Examining tourism SME owners’ place attachment,support for community and business performance: the role of the enlightened self-interest model

This research examines how support for the local community by small tourism businesses influences their enterprise performance, and the extent to which the owners’ place attachment influences the level of support that they provide to the community. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling were used to analyse the responses from the owners of 298 small and medium tourism enterprises (SMTEs) operating in regional South Australia. Results of the analysis provide support for the validity of a structural model. The place attachment of tourism business owners has a significant positive effect on their support for the community which in turn has a significant positive effect on enterprise performance. The robustness of the structural model was tested through a series of invariance (equality) tests. Results demonstrate that the causal relationships among place attachment, support for community and enterprise performance hold true (are invariant) irrespective of the gender of the business owner, the size of the business, and/or the length of time the business has been operating. These findings have implications for research scholars in developing more robust tests of model relationships between and across groups, and for tourism policymakers aiming to support the sustainable development of regional tourism destinations.     

Perception of small tourism enterprises in Lao PDR regarding social sustainability under the influence of social network

This paper uses a generalized structural equation model (GSEM) to examine the relationships between a social network, the perception of social sustainability, and the future business intentions of small tourism enterprises, in the context of a developing country, Lao PDR. The data were derived from 177 such enterprises located in two destinations in 2016. Initiatives in building social networks and the provision of training and employment of local residents are identified as the key determinants of success in social sustainability, while specific attempts to create brands congruent with local culture are also important. Undifferentiated policies, while useful to the business expansion of small tourism enterprises, are less successful in generating local social sustainability.     

Small business management and environmental engagement

Small firms in tourism are characterised by informal approaches to management, allowing their owners to meet a variety of often overlapping business and personal goals. Environmental certification schemes generally require members to subscribe to formal environmental management systems (EMS), even when aimed at small business operators. This paper examines in detail the managerial approaches of a small group of owner-managers who are operating within the approximately 3000-member Green Tourism Business Scheme (GTBS) available in the UK and Ireland. The findings suggest that the type of environmental practices adopted most willingly reflect the formality of management within the business and the owner-managers’ various backgrounds, values, reasons to be in business, expectations from acting and their understanding of the “environment”. It finds that the “Plan-Do-Check-Review” approach of most EMS does not easily relate to the complex motivations and needs of the world of small business. The paper concludes that environmental engagement is more likely to be fostered if owner-managers’ managerial approaches and assumptions are better understood and that shared visions for environmental engagement are encouraged through informed dialogue. Both economic benefits and the fostering of “feel good” factors should be stressed if small tourism businesses are to adopt EMS programmes.     

Second-home owners' intention to purchase nature-based tourism activity products – A Norwegian case study

Tourism is acknowledged to be an important business sector in rural areas. This paper argues that second-home owners constitute an important market segment for businesses that offer nature-based tourism activities. Previous research has shown that a number of factors influence tourist behaviour. This study examined how motivation and demographic variables affect second-home owners' intention to purchase three different types of activity products: learning, adventure, and hunting products. We found substantial variations in the purchase intentions for these products among second-home owners. These intentions were influenced by push and pull motivations, age, income and educational level. Second-home owners with a high intention of purchasing nature-based tourism activity products tend to be young, high-income, and socially oriented risk takers. Businesses offering nature-based tourism activity products should use a combination of demographic and psychographic variables when they segment the second-home market.     

旅游劳工职业转换动力实证分析--以九华山为例

学术界一直以来对旅游劳工在产业内部流动的研究较少,旅游职业具有门槛低、类型多、自控性强以及更易建立小生意等积极特性,在伴随旅游地经济快速增长的同时,吸引了大量本地和外地劳工从其他产业部门转移到旅游行业中来,带动了人力资本在产业间的流动.本文以九华山旅游劳工为实证研究对象,探讨了九华山旅游劳工职业转换的动力结构,动机变量的因子分析结果证实了假设的五个因子方向,增加收入和建立小生意成为企业主是九华山旅游劳工转移的首要动因.     

Social capital and entrepreneurial mobility in early-stage tourism development: A case from rural China

Early-stage tourism destinations often seek external capital to establish, invest and participate in tourism businesses at various levels. Entrepreneurial mobility at these destinations is thus an important phenomenon in need of further exploration both empirically and theoretically. This study uses an early-stage destination in rural China as a case to explore the experiences of inward entrepreneurial migrants in tourism development and associates their mobility, geographical and organisational, with dimensions of social capital, including institutional support, community openness and personal social networks. Primary interview data were collected from inward tourism entrepreneurs, key local community members and government officials related to tourism projects. The findings suggest that the inward entrepreneurs had unrealistic perceptions of the tourism industry before they entered. Entrepreneurial mobility in tourism development is influenced by all three social capital dimensions. The integration with the locality enhances the potential contribution of entrepreneurial mobility to tourism development.     

Targeted poverty alleviation in China: segmenting small tourism entrepreneurs and effectively supporting them

Abstract

Cultivating and encouraging local small tourism enterprises (STEs) is considered an effective way to alleviate poverty. Chinese local governments tend to concentrate their limited policies and initiatives on targeting STEs and effective ways to achieve better performance, following the proposed government policy called Targeted Poverty Alleviation by Tourism Development (TPATD). To discover which group is targeted and how, this study classified small tourism entrepreneurs and examined determinants of their performance. A quota sampling survey of 273 entrepreneurs in five tourism communities within a scenic area known as Yuntai Mountain was conducted in 2016. Seven determinants were identified: business skills, leadership, innovation, social relations, governmental support, autonomy, and locus of control. Three distinct small tourism entrepreneur segments were classified as independents, followers, and autodidacts. Each segment is worth helping but in different ways. Leadership, business skills, and innovation are key determinants of performance for all segments. Governmental support should be more visible, targeted, and recognized by locals. The administrative subcontract of TPATD in China is also discussed.     

Psychological capital,coping mechanisms and organizational resilience: Insights from the 2016 Kaikoura earthquake,New Zealand

Psychological capital (PsyCap) of tourism business owners and managers in the face of adversity has received scant attention. This study explores how the four components (self-efficacy, hope, optimism and psychological resilience) of PsyCap affect organizational resilience in a post-quake environment. Using a case-study approach and in-depth interviews with small tourism business owners and managers in Kaikoura, New Zealand, we found that problem-focused and emotion-focused coping mechanisms enabled participants to activate PsyCap components to build organizational resilience. Realistic optimism of owners and managers, for example, fuelled problem-focused coping strategies that led to greater situation awareness of changes in both the internal and external business environment. The findings have implications for small tourism businesses as they navigate the recovery process following major disasters.     

Sustainability indicators for festival tourism: A multi-stakeholder perspective

To assist the assessment of sustainable festival tourism, this study develops sustainability indictors for festival tourism by including perspectives from four stakeholders: tourists, local residents, business owners, and government agencies. Using the Delphi technique, a panel of 15 tourism experts identified evaluation indicators from the literature. The experts reached consensus on 20 indicators: tourists (four indicators), local residents (four indicators), government agencies (six indicators), and business owners (six indicators). An analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was conducted to calculate the relative weight of each indicator. Experts placed the greatest importance on tourists (0.4015) then on local residents (0.3275) followed by governmental agencies (0.1605) and business owners (0.1105) in order.