US Credit Unions: An Empirical Investigation of Size, Age and Growth

Abstract ** :  An econometric analysis of the growth performance of US credit unions for the period 1992–2001 investigates empirical relationships between size, age and growth. Ceteris paribus larger credit unions grew faster than smaller unions. State credit unions grew faster than federal credit unions, and single bond credit unions grew faster than multiple bond credit unions. The size‐growth gradients were generally steeper for state than for federal credit unions, and for single bond than for multiple bond credit unions. These patterns are attributed to variations in legislation and regulatory treatment. There is some evidence that younger credit unions tended to outgrow older ones. This seems consistent with a life cycle typology of credit union growth and development. There is also evidence of a positive persistence of growth effect. The cross‐sectional variance of growth is inversely related to size, but is largely independent of age .     

中国银行业的规模经济与技术进步效应检验

本文利用SUR法估计了中国银行业(1994～2001年)的规模经济和技术进步效应。实证结果显示,中国银行业从总体上来看存在轻微的规模不经济,而从单个银行来看,规模相对较小的股份制商业银行和规模最大的中国工商银行存在显著的规模不经济现象,其他3家国有商业银行则存在规模经济现象,这表明中国银行业存在着U型平均成本曲线。我们首次将反映技术进步的T引入模型。结果表明技术进步能降低银行的成本,对股份制商业银行尤其如此。     

Efficiency, Bond of Association and Exit Patterns in Credit Unions: Australian Evidence

Data envelopment analysis is used in this study to provide measures of the efficiency of individual credit unions in the Australian state of Victoria in the period 1992–5. The resulting measures are consistent with those reported in comparable studies. There is no evidence that over the period of the study, the 'average' credit union moved closer to the efficient frontier. Efficiency measures are analysed according to the bond of association and the results are consistent with the proposition that a tighter bond will tend to reduce operating costs. In the period of the study there were a large number of exits by merger, including exits by small credit unions with high efficiency measures. Possible explanations in terms of the expected benefits to the members of acquiring and exiting credit unions are suggested and evaluated.     

An Examination of Key Factors of Influence in the Development Process of Credit Union Industries

The aim of this paper is to analyse credit union industries within a development framework. Explicit consideration is given to credit union industries in four countries – Great Britain, Ireland, New Zealand and the United States. It is argued that in terms of a developmental typology the credit union industry in Great Britain is at a nascent stage of development, the industries in Ireland and New Zealand are at a transition stage while the US credit union industry is mature in nature. In progression between stages the analysis considers the influence of factors such as situational leadership, the complexion of trade associations, professionalisation, regulatory and legislative initiatives and technology. The analysis concluded that while there was a substantial commonality of experience, there were also significant differences in the impact of these factors. This consequently encouraged the recognition of the existence of 'a variety of the species' in respect of credit union development.     

信贷规模规避与货币政策调控

随着紧缩性宏观经济调控措施的不断出台,我国商业银行的货币信贷投放行为受到抑制。在此背景下,商业银行转而加强与信托公司合作,规避信贷规模管理。本文在分析近期信贷规模规避典型模式的基础上,探讨了其对货币政策调控的具体影响和未来挑战。本文认为,应强化对货币信贷的统计分析,丰富货币政策工具,密切关注金融创新对货币政策的影响,充分考虑微观主体对各种宏观调控政策的博弈,从而有的放矢地制定出科学的宏观调控政策。     

Unions,wages and productivity: some evidence from UK engineering firms

Estimates of union wage and productivity effects are derived using primary micro-level panel data for a sample of firms in the UK engineering industry. Union wage differentials of the order of 10% are suggested from the results, whereas union productivity impacts appear to be non-linear with respect to union density.     

On Regional Unemployment: An Empirical Examination of the Determinants of Geographical Differentials in the UK

In this paper we consider the determinants of regional disparities in unemployment rates for the UK regions at NUTS‐II level. We use a mixture panel data model to describe unemployment differentials between heterogeneous groups of regions. The results indicate the existence of two clusters of regions in the UK economy, characterized by high and low unemployment rates, respectively. A major source of heterogeneity appears to be caused by the varying effect (between the two clusters) of the share of employment in the service sector, and we trace its origin to the fact that the high unemployment cluster is characterized by a higher degree of urbanization.     

中小企业对申请贷款望而却步的原因分析

笔者利用世界银行投资环境调查的数据,实证分析了中小企业有信贷需求但对申请贷款望而却步的原因。实证结果表明:规模更大、盈利性更好、成长更快的企业不太可能出现对申请贷款望而却步的情况;银企关系是影响中小企业对申请贷款望而却步的重要因素;金融生态(法治环境和诚信文化等)对于银企关系效应的发挥具有显著的促进作用。     

商业银行规模经济与集约经营关系的实证研究

文章利用成本结构分析模型,从不同层面对我国商业银行的规模经济问题进行实证研究.研究结果表明:我国商业银行在支行层面存在着显著的规模经济性,但在整体层面规模经济性并不显著.文章利用微观经济学理论,系统分析了这一差异存在的原因,即商业银行机构发展中的粗放式扩张,进而提出了通过集约化的机构发展战略,提高商业银行规模经济性的观点.     

Cooperative Credit in Spain: An Analysis of Credit Sections of Cooperatives

The long history and deep-rooted tradition of co-operative credit in Spain (credit co-operatives and credit sections of co-operatives) and the lack of detailed studies of the latter suggest the need to reflect on them and highlight their potential. This study examines the ways in which the credit sections can access the financial markets, describes their financial and economic structure and the sources of their income and expenditure and analyses their competitiveness in terms of efficiency.     

收入风险对居民耐用品消费的影响

本文首次采用大型微观家庭面板数据对我国城乡居民的耐用品消费进行深入研究,主要结论包括:(1)改革进程方面,20世纪90年代中后期国企转制和员工下岗等就业体制方面的重大变革,使居民"收入风险"显著上升,进而明显抑制了城乡家庭的耐用品消费。(2)城乡对比方面,农村家庭面临更高的收入风险,其消费决策对风险因素也更为敏感,因此在当前的"新农村"建设中,建立健全农业保险和农村就业保障体系,对于提高农民消费和福利水平意义重大。(3)本文的研究结果完全支持(S,s)理论模型;同时在收入风险的度量和代理变量选取方面,文章中的一些分析方法也可以应用于汽车、住房等相关领域的研究和政策评价。     

经济发达地区农村信用合作社市场定位

经济发达地区农村信用合作社应以支持农业现代化为出发点,着力为乡镇企业,三资企业提供服务,支持社区特色经济,强化自身建设与管理.     

银行业竞争、信贷规模歧视和上市公司银行借款融资差异

银行借款是我国企业的主要融资渠道,而我国由于银行业竞争不充分,造成银行业存在比较严重的卖方市场地位.由于国有商业银行激励不足,加上中央银行对商业银行风险管理的行政干预,使商业银行在选择贷款对象时,首先选择规模比较大的企业,形成对中小企业的信贷歧视.笔者通过对沪深上市公司1991年～2007年财务数据分析,得出两个基本结论:上市公司规模对银行信贷有重要影响;随着银行业竞争的激烈,上市公司规模对银行信贷的影响逐步降低.本文的政策启示在于:如果要缓解中小企业融资困难的经济问题,首先要加强我国金融业的竞争,只有银行之间存在一定程度的竞争,银行才有动力和压力为中小企业提供资金.     

影子银行体系的信用创造：机制、效应和应对思路

本文从金融功能视角,将影子银行体系的范畴界定在发挥了类似于商业银行存款、贷款、结算等功能的三大类非银行金融机构。在此前提下,从金融机构和金融产品视角,重点剖析了前两类金融机构的信用创造机制。同时,提出影子银行体系的信用创造机制对商业银行具有有限替代效应,并在货币市场上产生外部溢出效应。即流动性之谜。最后,基于影子银行体系信用创造机制缺陷,提出从抵押品管理角度入手。在金融市场中建立证券最后贷款人,以规避影子银行体系信用扩张的风险。     

The Borrower of Last Resort: International Adjustment and Liquidity in a Historical Perspective

The stability of the international monetary system hinges on a dominant country acting as an international lender of last resort, injecting liquidity by recycling surpluses to countries facing balance of payments problems. The efficacy of this mechanism does not depend on the dominant country retaining a “creditor” status. Rather it has depended historically, on the dominant country’s ability to continue to borrow, in the face of growing external deficits without undermining the status of its currency as international money. A pivotal role is played by the institutional mechanisms that allow the dominant country to borrow from surplus countries on one hand and lead to increasing fragility in peripheral debtor countries on the other. The paper argues that such triangular adjustment patterns underlay both the gold standard period where Britain was a net creditor and the present “floating dollar regime” where the United States is a net debtor.     

The Continuity of the Transaction Relationship Between a Bank and a Borrower

This paper analyses the influence of the number of past transactions on the continuity of the transaction relationship between a bank and a borrower. It is shown that banks, in deciding whether or not to maintain a transaction relationship with a borrower, fall into one of two categories: if the average of past returns from borrowers is equal, either a bank is more likely to maintain transaction relationships with those whose number of past transactions is larger, or it is indifferent to the number of past transactions. This result holds whether the bank is risk-averse or risk-neutral.
JEL Classification number: G21.     

城投债信用尺度与地方公债治理的市场逻辑

文章立足市场机制视角审视地方融资平台公司的资产属性,发现城投债具有信用锚的作用——信用尺度效应,并表现为直接和间接两方面.文章利用融资平台新名单数据库(2006～2018年),借助双固定效应模型和中介效应模型,验证了上述发现:一是城投债直接刺激了融资平台非标债务的增加,每增加发行1元城投债会显著刺激当地非标债务增长5.6元;二是城投债主要借助非标债务作为中介渠道影响市场主体的信贷行为,每增加发行1元城投债能够间接带动当地市场信贷规模增加12元.2015年新《预算法》实施后,地方政府举债更加法治化、市场化,切断了城投债通过非标债务影响市场信贷规模的作用渠道.异质性分析发现,在资源禀赋和市场禀赋较差的区域,城投债信用尺度的间接效应更为明显.为此,需要建立系统观念,关注地方公债背后的市场逻辑,坚决避免金融市场将政府信用与企业信用混同,加快形成适应新发展阶段要求的地方公债治理体系.     

市场导向、质量导向与企业绩效关系的研究

市场导向对企业绩效影响的研究已成为近几年来的热门话题之一。但是质量导向与市场导向的关系的研究较少。虽然两者被视为是提高企业绩效的两种互补的经营理念。本文以110家中国企业为样本,通过验证性因子分析,研究市场导向、质量导向与企业绩效之间的关系。研究发现,市场导向与质量导向呈显著正相关,且市场导向能够积极地提升企业绩效;质量导向需要市场驱动来提升质量改进努力对企业绩效的影响。