Gender gaps across the earnings distribution for full-time employees in Britain: Allowing for sample selection

This paper investigates gender differences across the log wage distributions of British employees working full-time in 2005. The raw gender wage gap shows a tendency to increase across the distribution with a glass ceiling effect indicated. A strong relationship between high skilled, white-collar occupations and carrying out managerial duties with the glass ceiling effect is indicated in the data. After allowing for positive selection into full-time employment by British women, a substantially larger gender earning gap is found: the selection corrected gender wage gap is close to twice the raw gap across most of the earnings distribution. This selection corrected gap is found to be predominantly related to women receiving lower rewards for their characteristics than men. Indeed, the results suggest the gender earnings gap would all but disappear across the earnings distribution if women working full-time received the same returns to their characteristics as men working full-time in Britain do.     

Differences in education and earnings across ethnic groups in Guatemala

Most of the research on ethnicity in Central America looks at two groups: indigenous and nonindigenous populations. While indigenous people are disadvantaged relative to the nonindigenous group, the many groups that make up the indigenous population are often times not very similar in terms of personal and group characteristics. But the differences within these groups are important for public policy. Ethnic groups' experience depends on many factors besides education and skill levels. These additional factors may include what has come to be known as “ethnic capital.” That is, the socioeconomic performance of today's workers depends not only on parental skills, but also on the average skills of the ethnic group in the parent's generation. In the United States, when data on ethnic groups is broken down, the black-white comparison may be too simple a characterization. It is argued here that the indigenous-nonindigenous comparison in Guatemala is too simple. Guatemala's household survey, which utilizes two questions to determine an individual's ethnicity (self-perception and language), is used here to examine the question of ethnicity in terms of schooling attainment, earnings and the returns to schooling. The following hypothesis is tested: do higher levels of schooling correspond to higher returns to schooling? Dividing the indigenous sample into the main ethnic groups produces widely different and dramatic results in terms of schooling, earnings and the returns to schooling. Higher levels of schooling correspond to higher returns to schooling by ethnic group. Thus there may be a need to target interventions appropriately to the specific ethnic group in question.     

西部城市化新城市策略及促成方式

西部城市化可以有新的战略思考,可以考虑不依赖大城市、中等城市发展的策略,在新创城市方面利用工业推进法、人口拉动法、资金拉动法、大城市边缘渗透扩展法以及其他可作为新城市生长点的因素,譬如特有的自然旅游条件、特有的风土人情、特殊事件等,来实现城市化的突破.     

The age profile of mobility measures: an application to earnings in West Germany

This paper develops a technique for estimating age-profiles of earnings mobility using conditional kernel density estimation and establishes their statistical properties. Both pointwise and simultaneous confidence intervals are derived. The paper then examines the age-profile of short-run earnings mobility in Germany between 1983 and 1993 using the Socio-Economic Panel data. It turns out that earnings mobility is significantly higher for young people than for elder ones. Mobility declines rather rapidly until the age of thirty-five or so and remains constant thereafter. The shape of the profile does not change significantly during the observation period. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The correlation of spouses' permanent and transitory earnings and family earnings inequality in Canada

I develop a very flexible error-component model of family earnings dynamics to examine recent Canadian trends in the variance of family earnings and its components using the ‘permanent-transitory’ analytical framework. In contrast to most studies of family earnings inequality, the main focus of this paper is on the trends in the correlation between spouses' permanent and transitory earnings. I find strong evidence of an increase in the correlation of spouses' permanent earnings before 1993 and no evidence of such an increase after 1993. However, the correlation of spouses' transitory earnings steadily increased throughout the 1990s and well into the 2000s.     

Language usage,participation, employment and earnings: Evidence for foreigners in West Germany with multiple sources of selection

Language proficiency may not only affect the earnings of the individual, but the probability to participate in the labor market or becoming employed as well. It may also affect selection of people into economic sector and occupation. In this paper, the effects of language proficiency on earnings are analyzed for foreigners in Germany with joint consideration of up to four types of selection. The results show that language proficiency significantly increases participation and employment probability and affects occupational choice. When selection into economic sector and occupation is regarded, we do not find an impact of language ability on earnings thereby implying an indirect effect.     

Capital market reactions to earnings announcements: empirical evidence on the difference in the information content of IAS-based earnings and EC-Directives-based earnings

Listing on a foreign stock exchange and the aim to attract international investors usually forces European quoted companies to adapt information supplied in financial statements to different information needs of international investors. Because of the dominance of the American stock market, this adaptation raises especially the question whether Anglo-American-oriented accounting standards (for instance IAS — International Accounting Standards) convey a higher information content for investors than continental-Europe-oriented accounting standards (for instance EC-Directives). The study examines the information content of earnings announcements, i.e. abnormal returns resulting from un-expected earnings, for a sample of Swiss quoted companies which have changed the accounting standard used for presenting Swiss GAAP consolidated financial statements to either EC-Directives or IAS and can therefore contribute to this discussion. The results of the study suggest that IAS-based earnings announce-ments convey a statistically significant higher information content than earnings announcements based on the Swiss GAAP if a variance-approach is used. For investors in the Swiss capital market, the switch from Swiss GAAP to IAS has therefore increased the information content of financial statements. But comparing IAS-based and EC-Directives-based earnings announcements, the results suggest that for investors IAS-based earnings do not possess a statistically significant higher information content than EC-Directives-based earnings. This result has been achieved despite the fact that for Swiss financial analysts financial statements based on IAS convey a significant higher information content than financial statements based on EC-Directives. Avoiding problems in specifying a model for unexpected earnings by standardizing the mean of the abnormal returns of each event window to a positive value does not lead to a different conclusion if the variance approach is used.     

山地城市空间格局建构的生态适应性——以滇西地区为例

滇西地区具有独特的山地城市形态结构.这种独特的结构要求在山地城市景观体系建构上,体现出整体景观、边缘景观、重点景观的优化组合.通过对滇西地区的景观环境体系、绿化网络等建设实践的分析,为该地区及相似地区的可持续发展提供有益借鉴.     

Literacy and earnings: an investigation of the interaction of cognitive and unobserved skills in earnings generation

This paper uses direct measures of literacy to examine the influence of cognitive and unobserved skills on earnings. We find that cognitive skills contribute significantly to earnings and that their inclusion in earnings equations reduces the measured impact of schooling. The impact of literacy on earnings does not vary across quantiles of the earnings distribution, schooling and literacy do not interact in influencing earnings, and introducing literacy has little effect on the estimated impact of experience. Our findings suggest that cognitive and unobserved skills are both productive but that having more of one skill does not enhance the other's productivity.     

Testing neoclassical convergence in regional incomes and earnings

The time-series properties of per capita income and per capita earnings in the regions of the United States are tested for consistency with the neoclassical growth model's prediction of convergence. We find evidence for per capita income convergence for U.S. regions during the 1929–1990 period after allowing for a trend break in 1946. These findings support the neoclassical model's prediction of convergence. The evidence for per capita earnings convergence is, however, less conclusive. Shocks to per capita earnings are found to be more persistent than shocks to per capita income. This implies that the regional distribution of transfer payments tends to smooth the effects of deviation on relative regional per capita earnings and reinforce trends in per capita income convergence.     

Neighborhood social networks and female self-employment earnings in Taiwan

Using the sample of Taiwanese female self-employed workers from the Taiwan Women and Family Survey (TWFS) conducted in 1989, this article explores neighborhood social networks and female self-employment earnings. The evidence from linear regression and endogenous treatment effect models suggests that an individual’s past provision of personalized assistance to adjacent neighbors significantly increases current self-employment earnings, with corrections for self-selection into network participation. An individual’s past voluntary contributions to community organizational activities also significantly increase current earnings, both with and without corrections for self-selection. However, there are negative self-selections into both cooperative neighborhood networks and community organizational activities in the sense that female self-employed workers with high earnings capacity are less likely to choose to participate in these types of social networks.     

Congestion and cost-benefit analysis in cities

Adopting the circular city approach, this paper shows that the results of benefit-cost analysis of road width based on market rent differ substantially between two formulations. When total production in the city is fixed and costs are minimized, the benefit exceeds the market rent at the optimum configuration. When total production is variable and the value of the net product is maximized, benefit is less than market rent at the optimum. Comparison between the optimum solution and the market solution with the cost-benefit analysis based on the market rent is also presented.     

浅析西非热带雨林地区工程机械设备的维护与管理

文章针对西非热带雨林地区的公司自营段工程项目的特点,从各种工程机械设备的采购、使用、维修、保养等方面,简要概括了当前西非地区工程机械设备管理和维护的现状,重点对加强设备管理和维护可采取的有效措施进行了详细的阐述,以保证机械设备的正常运行,工程的顺利完成。     

The information content of earnings and turnover announcements in France

Annual net income is seen by shareholders as the most important figure, since it is, for individual accounts, the basis of appropriation of profit by the shareholders' general meeting. However, firms publish interim figures at a higher frequency to allow investors to react quickly to frequently updated information that gives them a more accurate view of the evolution of the firm. In the United States, according to regulation S-X, the interim quarterly reports must disclose the net income. In France, firms must publish their quarterly turnovers and their half-year income statements in addition to their annual accounts. Whereas American publications are practically homogeneous in nature in terms of earnings disclosure, the information content of French quarterly reports differs from that of the half-year and annual accounts. Such French irregularities in information content mean that interim and annual announcements do not have the same value for the shareholders. Because of the heterogeneous nature and the time frame of the disclosed information, one may wonder if French market reactions to the announcements of interim publications exhibit significantly different characteristics from those observed for quarterly releases in other countries. This can only be appreciated through a differential analysis of French market response to interim and annual announcements.     

The reporting of gross and net earnings in a postal survey

In a controlled experiment involving a sample comprising 8300 school leavers who entered the labour market in 1983/84, half of the sample were asked to report on gross weekly earnings (if employed) or expected gross earnings (if not employed). The other half were asked equivalent questions in terms of net earnings. Comparisons between the responses indicate that those in employment were able to provide consistent responses concerning gross and net earnings. Among the non-employed, however, there is reason to believe that those reporting expected net earnings may have underestimated the impact of the deductions due to tax and National Insurance contributions. The size of this understatement is such as to create a discrepancy of some 9 per cent (in terms of gross earnings) between the two sources of expected earnings.     

Deregulation and labour earnings: Three motor carrier industries in Japan

We empirically examine the effect of product market deregulation on wages. The difference-in-difference approach is used with wage data from three motor carrier industries (the taxi, bus and trucking industries) in Japan to obtain the following findings. First, deregulations in the 1990s and 2000s caused the relative wages of taxi and bus drivers to decline, but this was not the case for truck drivers. Second, the large decline in the relative wages of taxi drivers can be explained by the deterioration of economic conditions; their wages are more sensitive to labour market conditions than those of drivers in other industries.     

美国城市的棕色地块及其治理

20世纪后半叶 ,美国的经济重心和工作机会经历了由城市到郊区、由北向南、由东到西的转移。许多工厂搬迁后留下了被污染的土地。这些土地处于被废弃的状态 ,此即“棕色地块”。本文论述了美国政府处理“棕色地块”的政策法规和方式方法