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1.
《当代经济研究》2008,(5)
何以穷国与富国同工而不同酬,单从社会经济效率中找原因并不能说明任何问题。根据《资本论》劳动力价值理论及工资本质理论,不同国家生产力水平不同,劳动力价值也不同。尽管从事相同工作的工作效率基本相同,所拿到的体现劳动力价值的工资则不同。根据《资本论》商品交换理论和价值规律理论。商品的价值量与体现在商品中的劳动的量成正比,与这一劳动的生产力成反比。劳动生产率没有提高或劳动生产率与穷国差别不大的发达国家的那部分服务业,其远远高于发展中国家同行的高工资或劳动力价值,并非来自全社会创造价值的无偿分配,而是来自通过市场交换实现的本部门商品总价值量,归根到底是根源于本部门劳动者自身劳动的创造。 相似文献
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关于劳动力商品论与劳动价值论、按劳分配与按要素分配之间的关系——兼评何雄浪、李国平与关柏春之争 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
在我国社会主义市场经济体制下,公私企业中的劳动力还是商品并具有价值:工资是劳动力价值的表现形式;按劳分配是社会主义的分配原则,按劳分配不等于按劳动力价值分配;按要素分配并不是说所有要素都参与价值的创造,劳动是价值的唯一源泉。 相似文献
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新古典工资理论的发展及其启示 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:4
“效率工资”理论是新古典工资理论发展的一个重要方面。效率工资额在纳什均衡条件下与劳动要素的边际贡献存在着较大的差异,在“多要素生产”理论尚且如此,在“一个要素的价值理论”如劳动价值理论中,“价值”来源更应与“价值”分配作适当分离,否则在探讨分配问题时就很可能否定“一个要素的价值理论”。把价值来源与价值分配作适当的分离,有助于说明“单一要素”价值理论在市场经济条件下所面临的分配问题中的诸多矛盾。 相似文献
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经济增长过程中工资分配的变动——基于中国经济数据的实证分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
工资分配是居民共享经济增长成果的具体体现.工资分配的变动与技术进步使用偏向有关,本文认为,技术进步偏向利用资本、节约劳动时,工资分配比重呈下降趋势;技术进步偏向利用劳动、节约资本时,工资分配的比重呈上升趋势.并通过实证分析指出,我国工资分配比重下降是技术进步偏向于使用资本、节约劳动造成的,进而揭示提高居民工资分配比重,必须推动我国技术进步的使用偏向由利用资本、节约劳动向使用劳动、节约资本的方向转变. 相似文献
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孔凡云 《云南财贸学院学报(经济管理版)》2003,17(2):60-63
劳动力市场运行的核心机制就是工资机制,没有健全的工资机制,就不会有完善的劳动力市场;而劳动与工资、劳动力与劳动力价格都是不可分割的统一体,工资作为劳动力的价格,劳动力价格作为劳动力市场价值的货币表现,当然要受劳动力供求关系的影响,并在劳动力市场中形成。在这个过程中,“看不见的手”不是万能的,我们早就明确过,建设社会主义的市场经济必须“市场机制调节,企业自主分配,职工民主参与,国家监控指导。” 相似文献
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在马克思经济学中,工资由劳动力价值决定,换言之工资是劳动力价值的货币表现,故劳动力价值的大小决定了工资额的基本维度。然而,马克思在《资本论》中所论述的只是劳动力价值一般,在解释现实工资运动中个人工资量之间的变动差异时会陷入困境。因此,为了更好地利用马克思经济学来解释个人工资量的涨落变化,本文从马克思所提的劳动力价值一般概念发展出劳动力价值特定概念,构建了个人工资量的系统决定模型,从而实现个人工资量涨落差异在马克思经济学中的全面阐释。 相似文献
7.
一、技术、管理要素参与收益分配的机理研究 1、以劳动力价值为基础的按劳分配理论 该理论的基本含义是:劳动者的收入由两部分构成,第一部分是劳动力价值的实现,是购买劳动力的预付资本,体现为工资;第二部分是劳动力作为一种生产要素,参与剩余价值的分配,体现为股权.按劳分配与按要素分配相结合,工资与股权构成了员工、科技人员、经营者的全部收入. 相似文献
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工资机制决定于经济运行关系而非经济性质关系。在商品和市场经济的运行中,劳动量工资机制所依存的经济运行条件逐步消失,劳动供求工资机制起主导作用虽然具有必然性,但工资偏低、增长乏力、收入悬殊等问题也不可避免地相伴而生。劳动力价值工资机制不但同我国事实上的资本经济运行相吻合,而且能够弥补劳动量工资机制、劳动供求工资机制的缺陷,应当成为决定我国工资水平的工资机制。 相似文献
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刘志锁 《湖南经济管理干部学院学报》2008,2(1):69-73
文章概述了90年代以来理论界在劳动力价值的构成范围、劳动力价值的实现与按劳分配、智力劳动力工资的理论解释问题上提出的许多新的观点并作出了简要的评论。随着社会主义市场经济的发展,还有许多问题,如:劳动力价格背离价值的理论问题,劳动力价格高于价值的现实问题,劳动力的特殊性对劳动力价值的影响等值得深入探讨,以使劳动价值论更好地指导社会主义市场经济实践。 相似文献
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Paqueo VB 《The Philippine economic journal》1981,20(3-4):257-276
The interaction between economic and demographic factors in the Philippines was examined, analyzing the effects of investment in fertility control on the birthrate, population size, and such economic variables as gross national product (GNP), wage rate, and family income. A family planning model that was constructed and is used to project population program cost and births prevented is grafted to and simulated with a larger economic/demographic model. The simulation results are anayzed. The economic demographic model to which the family planning subsystem was grafted is a modified version of the model constructed by Encarnacion et al. (1974). It is basically a neoclassical model, a closed economy in which the real wage rate is determined by the intersection of the demand and supply of labor. The demand for labor is derived from a Cobb-Douglas production function on the assumption that labor is paid the value of its margin product, and the labor supply is determined by age and sex specific labor force participation rates and population. Capital accumulation is influenced by population size through its effect on government and private consumption expe nditures. Fertility rate is determined by duration of marriage and the level and distribution of family incomes. The model was used to develop projections from 1970 through 2000. Results show that the effects on per capital income and real wage rate seem significant, yet family income appears largely unaffected and the effect on the traditional investment to output ratio (I/Y) seems minimal. One of the outcomes of the projection without family planning is that, if the economy were to depend solely on its own savings, the average annual rate of growth of gross national product (GNP) would be only about 4.32%, which is less than the historical growth rate of 6% and the present government longterm target of 8%. The result suggests that foreign investments and loans would have to play an increasingly important role in the economic growth of the Philippines unless the gross domestic investment of GNP ratio is increased substantially. Aggregate output is reduced due to a relatively smaller labor force. Thus, it is suggested that if population control programs are accompanied by an increase in the labor participation rate, particularly of women, the payoffs from family planning may be larger. Closer examination of the nature of the payoffs from the family planning program would reveal that they basically stem from the decrease in the number of persons sharing in national output and not from increased production and saving. The observation suggests that population control does not necessarily lead to more rapid economic growth defined as sustained increase in total output. 相似文献
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Innovation and Intellectual Property Rights in a Product‐cycle Model of Skills Accumulation
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Hung‐Ju Chen 《Review of International Economics》2015,23(2):320-344
This paper examines the effects of stronger intellectual property rights protection in the South based on a North–South general‐equilibrium model with foreign direct investment (FDI). Two types of innovation are considered – innovation targeting all products and innovation targeting only imitated products. We show that for both types of innovation, there will be increases in the innovation rate and Northern wage inequality and a decrease in the proportion of Northern unskilled labor if imitation intensity is sufficiently low. As regards the pattern of production, the extent of FDI will increase while the extent of Northern production and Southern production will decrease. 相似文献
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A theory of endogenous growth is based on an investment possibility function, relating the growth rate of output to the ratio of gross investment to output and the growth rate of employment as formulated originally by M. F. Scott. Consumers maximize an intertemporal utility function and producers maximize the value of the firm. The long-run rate of growth depends on consumer preferences, the exogenous growth of labor supply and the tax rate on output. The functional distribution of income is determined along with the investment ratio in the steady state. Labor market imperfections and real wage inertia induce transition processes, which are relevant for medium term growth.We are indebted to Olivier Blanchard, Casper van Ewijk, Frederick van der Ploeg, Anton van Schaik, Maurice Scott, Jacques Smulders, and two anonymous referees for their valuable comments on an earlier version. Of course, the usual disclaimer applies. 相似文献
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最低工资对中国就业和工资水平的影响 总被引:8,自引:4,他引:8
本文以1998—2007年全国各市(地区、自治州、盟)最低工资标准随时间变化的外生差异来识别最低工资上涨与企业平均工资、企业雇佣人数的关系。利用1998—2007年规模以上制造业企业报表数据进行的分析显示,最低工资每上涨10%,制造业企业平均工资将整体上涨0.4%—0.5%。借助2006—2007年福建省最低工资上涨的"准自然实验"本文也证实了该结论。对于不同行业、不同人均资本水平的企业,最低工资上涨的影响也存在异质性。最低工资将更多地增加劳动密集型或人均资本较低企业的平均工资。研究还发现,最低工资每增加10%,制造业企业雇佣人数将显著减少0.6%左右。政府在制定最低工资时应权衡其在收入分配上的积极效果以及其对就业的负面影响。 相似文献
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人工智能技术创新在提高制造业生产效率的同时,也在重塑行业内劳动力市场中不同群体的“技能-技术”匹配关系和收入分配。本文基于中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)数据考察人工智能技术创新对制造业性别收入差距的影响,并从理论上探讨其内在影响机理。研究发现:(1)技术进步扩大了行业中的性别工资差距,但使整体工资水平趋于上升;(2)技术进步使低技能群体的性别收入差距缩小,但却扩大了高技能群体的性别收入差距;(3)制造业中人工智能技术创新主要通过教育程度、行业内性别偏好、女性精细化能力优势以及低技能工作对体力技能需求下降的方式影响性别工资差距。 相似文献
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Kenneth Burdett Carlos
Carrillo‐Tudela Melvyn G. Coles 《International Economic Review》2011,52(3):657-677
We analyze an equilibrium labor market with on‐the‐job search and experience effects (as workers learn by doing). The analysis yields a Mincer wage equation with worker fixed effects and endogenously determined firm fixed effects. Equilibrium sorting—where over time more experienced workers also tend to move to better paid employment—has a significant impact on wage inequality. 相似文献
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文章运用理论模型研究基于成本节约和技术进步动因的跨国公司离岸服务如何通过生产力效应、相对价格效应和劳动力供给效应三条渠道影响母国和东道国劳动力的工资水平。文章认为不同类型的离岸服务对母国和东道国不同技能水平劳动力的工资水平会产生不同的影响。 相似文献
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劳动要素所得过低是导致我国收入分配差距过大的重要因素.所谓劳动力成本低廉的竞争优势,在很大程度上是挤压了劳动者合理的生存工资、生活条件和最基本的社会保障而形成的.这是新古典经济学市场竞争决定收入分配从而决定雇佣环境带来的后果,走出这一误区就需要在认识这些理论缺陷的同时补上遗漏的工资理论信息,为改变劳动报酬偏低的收入分配格局提供理论支撑和政策导向. 相似文献