常平仓

<正>常平仓是中国古代政府为调节粮价、储粮备荒以供应官需民食而设置的粮仓,属于官仓。除此之外,官仓还包括有太仓、正仓等。常平源于战国时李悝在魏所行的平籴,即政府于丰年购进粮食储存,以免谷贱伤农。常平仓的设置主要是运用价值规律来调剂粮食供应,充分发挥稳定粮食的市场价值的作用。在市场粮价低的时候,适当提高粮价进行大量收购,不仅使朝廷储藏粮食的大谷仓——太仓和甘泉仓都充满了粮食,而且边郡地方也仓廪充盈。在市场粮价高的时候,则适当降低价格进行出售。     

国家林业局公布2005年林业立法计划

国家林业局在2005年内研究起草《自然保护区法》等10件林业立法项目。     

美国农产品出口促销计划及其对我国的启示

上个世纪几十年代后期以来．我国农业发展进入了新阶段．农产品市场从卖方市场转向买方市场，农民收入增长速度持续下降。在这种情况下，由政府牵头资助促进出口无疑是扩大农产品需求的重要途径。但对于中国而言．政府促进农产品出口尚属新鲜事物，急需借鉴别国的成熟做     

近30年来美国农产品进出口情况回顾

美国是世界上最大的农业出口国，农产品出口值1976年约为230亿美元，2002年则迅速增长至530亿美元，年均增长率为3．3％。导致美国农产品出口增长的主要因素，一是美国农业政策变得越来越灵活，在引导生产适应市场需求方面发挥了关键性作用；二是美元在20世纪70年代、     

美国农业立法变迁

美国农业发展中,农业法律制度保障土地的占有、使用、收益和处分,保护产权,优化配置,提高效率,引导投资,维持生态平衡,提高农产品质量,推动农产品出口,保障国家粮食安全。     

欧盟批准5386万欧元农产品促销计划

据欧盟官方网站消息。     

美国农业补贴立法与我国的对策选择

作为世界上最发达的国家，美国不断加大对农业和农民的补贴力度，极大地增强了农产品出口的国际竞争力，从而使广大发展中国家的农业和农民利益受到严重损害。借鉴国外可行政策，改变我们现行的一些政策是保护农民的切身利益，最终实现共同富裕的目标。     

粮食法或列入明年立法计划

全国人大常委会法工委、全国人大农委、全国人大常委会法工委近日派出人员到国家粮食局就粮食法起草工作进行调研。     

美国农产品价格风险管理机制与启示

农产品价格风险使农户收益面临不确定性。并增加了农业生产决策与融资的难度,是制约农业发展的关键性因素。美国政策性与市场性机制并存的农产品价格风险管理体系为农户提供了多样化的价格风险管理选择,对稳定美国农业发展发挥了积极作用。美国农产品价格风险管理的机制与实践,给我们带来不少的启示。     

U.S. Farm Policy and the Volatility of Commodity Prices and Farm Revenues

A dynamic three-commodity rational-expectations storage model is used to compare the impact of the Federal Agricultural Improvement and Reform (FAIR) Act of 1996 with a free-market policy, and with pre-FAIR policies. Results suggest that FAIR did not lead to significant increases in long-run price volatility or revenue volatility. The main impact of pre-FAIR, relative to the free-market regime, was to substitute government storage for private storage in a way that did little to support prices or to stabilize farm incomes. Results also indicate that U.S. grain market volatility in 1995–2000 was due to fundamental market forces and not to FAIR.     

The Varying Impacts of Agricultural Support Programs on U.S. Farm Household Consumption

Farm households are economic agents whose income is derived from farm, off-farm, and government sources. This article uses farm-level data from the Agricultural Resource Management Survey (ARMS) and recent advances in the econometric theory of dynamic pseudo-panels to show that farm households consume various sources of income differently at the margin. Particular attention is given to a specific type of lump-sum government transfer payment intended to be decoupled from (independent of) farm production decisions. The results suggest that relatively decoupled government subsidies have a greater marginal effect on farm household consumption than subsidies that are tied to market conditions.     

The Significance and Insignificance of Demand Analysis in Evaluating Promotion Programs

The estimated effects of promotion on demand are often small and insignificant. Yet, the estimated effects of promotion on industry profit are often positive and large. This puzzle is explained by demonstrating that (in)significance of promotion in a demand equation does not imply, and is not implied by, (in)significance of promotion in an industry profit equation. A Monte Carlo example is provided. The econometric modeling implications are discussed. The short-run marginal effect of a dollar of generic beef promotion on slaughter cattle industry profit is estimated to be about $9.84 with a standard error of 3.77 for 1997.     

The Influence of Commodity Programs on Acreage Response to Market Price: With an Illustration Concerning Rice Policy in the United States

Farm programs influence the parameters of typically estimated supply functions. We develop and apply an approach that uses detailed information about farm program incentives and constraints to identify underlying structural acreage response parameters when the data reflect behavior under complex government commodity programs. We illustrate the approach with data on rice acreage response to market price in the United States. For U.S. rice, estimates that fail to appropriately incorporate the program rules under which market data were generated are three to four times smaller than the structural parameters that are useful for most policy analysis or projections under alternative policies.     

勘查阶段属性渐变规律及其现实意义

矿产勘查分阶段管理是世界各国通行的做法。在我国,对地质工作属性则是不分阶段、笼而统之地进行定义。同时,不同时期又有不同的认识。整整半个多世纪对地质工作属性的定义,几乎是从一个极端走到了另一个极端。笔者则认为,矿产勘查作为地质工作三阶段的中间环节,存在一个从预查、普查、详查到勘探四个阶段的属性渐变规律,即研究性递减、施工性递增的变化规律。因而,地质科研人员对找矿的智力贡献应分阶段兑现和采取预设期权的方式兑现。     

Implications of the US Farm Bill of 2002 for agricultural trade and trade negotiations

The US Farm Bill of 2002 is the latest in a 7-decade history of farm subsidy laws that transfer funds to farmers and regulate and subsidize production of selected commodities. Fruit, tree nut, ornamental and vegetable crops, hay and meats remain outside scope of main subsidy programs. The new law continues many innovations of the 1996 Act, such as removal of authority for annual land idling and crop price floors accompanied by government stockholding. Government payments remain the primary focus of commodity programs. The total amount of these payments are likely to remain similar to the amount paid in the period 1999–2001, but with some changes in the form of the programs. For example, allowing owners to update acreage and yield payment bases creates additional incentives for farmers to link current planting decisions to anticipated farm subsidies. Similarly, the new program that ties "counter-cyclical" payments to the price of a specific crop also has production stimulus. A new program, estimated to add about 5–10 per cent to marginal milk revenue for smaller farms, makes 'deficiency' payments to dairy farms when milk prices are low. Despite the new programs with added links to stimulating production, new USA programs stimulate production only marginally more than the subsidies of the 1999–2001 period, which were replaced. Furthermore, the USA has flexibility to avoid explicitly violating its WTO commitments. Nonetheless, this US Farm Bill of 2002 has curtailed the previous trends toward lower farm subsidies and smaller production stimuli, and the negative publicity surrounding it has made negotiating reductions of farm trade distortions more difficult.     

The Transformation of Work on the Family Farm

The family farm is not simply a structure — it is also an adjustment and negotiation process that has varying degrees of success. In our society, formal training is becoming a prerequisite — many believe one needs a diploma to become a competent farmer. However, the denigration of “on-the-job training” undermines an essential facet of learning to be a farmer and debases the acquired skills of many farmer “artisans”. With the strong swing to link formal training and identity, many farmers create negative identities for themselves because they feel forced to define themselves socially on the basis of their level of formal schooling. The challenge for the future is to recognize, to integrate and to valorize formal abstract knowledge and the know-how that is acquired and passed to the next generation through practice.