2013年5月国际金融形势评论

美联储今年首次提出根据经济和就业情况增加或减少量化宽松规模，可看作是量化宽松规模缩减的舆论铺垫；欧元区经济状况仍然疲弱，欧央行再度降息，但难解根本问题；日元贬值政策不变，世界关注其外溢效应，且货币宽松政策的副作用在日本国内也已开始逐渐显现；热钱涌入中国，人民币汇率延续涨势，央行终于出手     

美日两国应对国际金融危机的量化宽松货币政策比较

在应对危机的政策选择上,当利率接近为零时,量化宽松的货币政策就成为部分国家的选择。本文选择了连续推出两轮量化宽松政策的美国和作为全球最早采用过量化宽松政策又在应对这轮危机时重启该政策的日本,介绍了国际金融危机对这两国经济造成的影响以及他们各自推行量化宽松货币政策的具体内容,并对两国货币政策的侧重点和执行效果进行了综合比较。     

后危机时代美国量化宽松货币政策退出机制与影响研究

2008年欧美国家为应对金融危机,采用量化宽松货币政策刺激经济。在此种政策的作用下,西方各国经济呈现复苏态势;但同时也造成全球资产泡沫和通胀压力。目前量化宽松货币政策已到了退出的时候,然而该项政策的退出是一个具有复杂性、依存性和外部性的系统工程,退出时机、退出策略和退出工具的选择三者相互依存和制约。大国货币政策在转变过程中需要充分考虑货币政策的调整对于全球经济增长的影响,即各国货币政策具有内在的相互依赖性和政策一体化效应。文章以美国为例,分析了中央银行(美联储)退出量化宽松政策对实体经济和世界经济的影响,提出了如何退出量化宽松货币政策的具体方法和步骤,并就我国应对美国退出量化货币宽松政策提出了政策建议。     

日元国际化的宏观经济效应——基于日元境外流通视角的经验研究

货币国际化在给发行国带来利益的同时也会对该国的宏观经济产生影响。文章以日元为研究对象,利用1960~2011年季度数据,运用扣除本地需求法估算出1986~2011年日元境外流通规模,并以此作为衡量日元国际化的指标,基于SVAR模型实证分析了日元国际化对日本宏观经济的影响。实证表明,日元国际化促进了日元升值;日元国际化使日本市场利率一直维持在较低水平,并且使日本被动实行宽松的货币政策;日元国际化初始阶段有促进物价上升的趋势,但之后物价又迅速下降。在日元国际化进程中,日元升值传递的一系列经济效应在一定程度上助长了日本的经济泡沫,泡沫的破灭使日本经济走入衰退。     

日元国际化的宏观经济效应——基于日元境外流通视角的经验研究北大核心CSSCISSCI

货币国际化在给发行国带来利益的同时也会对该国的宏观经济产生影响。文章以日元为研究对象,利用1960～2011年季度数据,运用扣除本地需求法估算出1986～2011年日元境外流通规模,并以此作为衡量日元国际化的指标,基于SVAR模型实证分析了日元国际化对日本宏观经济的影响。实证表明,日元国际化促进了日元升值;日元国际化使日本市场利率一直维持在较低水平,并且使日本被动实行宽松的货币政策;日元国际化初始阶段有促进物价上升的趋势,但之后物价又迅速下降。在日元国际化进程中,日元升值传递的一系列经济效应在一定程度上助长了日本的经济泡沫,泡沫的破灭使日本经济走入衰退。     

美国量化宽松货币政策与退出效应及其对中国的影响研究

文章基于面板向量自回归模型(PVAR)研究了美国量化宽松货币政策的实施与退出对以G20国家为主要样本经济体的溢出效应。研究结果表明:一方面,美国量化宽松政策对发达经济体和发展中经济体的溢出效应差异比较显著;相对浮动汇率经济体,政策对钉住汇率经济体的影响较大;对中国而言,贸易渠道和输入性通货膨胀效应是美国量化宽松政策作用于我国宏观经济的主要传导途径。另一方面,以美联储加息为主要标志的退出机制可能对发展中国家经济正常运行带来不小挑战,尤其应警惕潜在的通货紧缩和币值下行风险;此外,加息有助于缓解人民币"外升内贬"现象,但对我国股市可能造成短暂的负向冲击。     

美国量化宽松政策对东亚资本流动的影响北大核心CSSCISSCI

美国金融危机爆发之后,美联储已推出四轮量化宽松政策。量化宽松政策在稳定美国经济与金融形势的同时,也通过国际资本流动对其他国家带来负面溢出效应。前两轮量化宽松政策确实促进了国际资本流入东亚经济体,并带来货币升值、资产价格泡沫等负面影响。考虑到第四轮量化宽松政策"无限量"特征,东亚经济体将会面临更大挑战。东亚经济体可采取资本流动管理措施、汇率干预等手段进行应对。     

汇率对出口价格传递率的经验研究:以1971～2003年的日本为例

本文研究的是日本进入浮动汇率以来日元汇率对出口价格的传递率及其特征。通过建立汇率的出口价格传递率模型进行经验分析得到以下结论:日本进入浮动汇率的33年来,日元汇率的短期和长期出口价格传递率分别为-0.4956和-0.6583,日元汇率升值幅度越大,其出口价格传递率越高;日元汇率对出口价格的短期传递率呈现下降趋势;20世纪80年代中期以后,日本国内批发物价对出口价格没有明显的影响。     

日本

日本央行继续维持零利率政策日本中央银行11月16日在结束为期两天的货币政策会议后宣布,继续维持现行零利率政策,但下调了对经济景气的判断。日本央行说,作为基准利率的银行间无担保隔夜拆借利率维持在零至0.1%的水平,量化宽松措施中用于购买资产的基金规模维持在55万亿日元(约合7136亿美元)水平。外围经济减速使得日本当前出口和生产增幅放缓,央行对     

浅析美国量化宽松货币政策对我国外贸的影响

金融危机爆发后,美联储先后实施多轮量化宽松的货币政策,这种“以邻为壑”的货币政策对世界经济产生深刻影响。文章从量化宽松货币政策产生的背景出发,分析美国采取该项政策的原因及其对我国外贸的正面效应和负面效应,并提出了应对策略。     

Policy commitment and market expectations: Lessons learned from survey based evidence under Japan's quantitative easing policy

The Bank of Japan conducted its quantitative easing policy (QEP) from 2001 to 2006, with the policy commitment to maintaining its QEP until the CPI inflation rate became stably zero or higher. We evaluate its effects by using individual survey data on inflation expectations as well as interest rate expectations. Our analysis reveals a kinked relationship between interest rate expectations and inflation rate expectations at around the 0% threshold level of inflation expectations, in tune with this policy commitment. In addition, we evaluate the effects of the policy commitment on market expectations for the future path of short-term interest rates after the termination of the QEP. We find that, even when inflation expectations exceeded the threshold, interest rate expectations responded only gradually to inflation rate expectations.     

美国量化宽松政策对新兴经济体股票市场价格的影响

2008年金融危机后美国采取量化宽松货币政策造成大量流动性进入新兴经济体股票市场。通过建立面板VAR模型,运用脉冲响应函数和方差分解技术分析了美国货币供应M1、股票市场以及联邦基金利率透过汇率、利率和预期方式对新兴经济体股票市场价格指数产生的影响。结果表明,美国量化宽松货币政策对新兴经济体股票市场价格具有正向溢出效应,利率渠道影响效果显著。     

Central Bank Balance Sheet Policies and Inflation Expectations

We analyse the empirical effects of credit easing and quantitative easing on inflation expectations and exchange rates. Both monetary policy strategies are summarised in measures for composition and size of the central bank balance sheet and are included in a VAR model. The results show that changes in balance sheet size had positive, albeit weak effects on inflation expectations in Japan, while the effects were negligible in the euro area. By contrast, an increasing balance sheet size is associated with reduced short-term inflation expectations in the US and UK, pointing at negative signalling effects. Shocks to balance sheet size or composition have no substantial effects on long-term inflation expectations in the euro area, US and UK. An expanding balance sheet size is associated with a depreciation of the euro, pound sterling and Japanese yen.     

Evaluating monetary policy when nominal interest rates are almost zero

The non-negativity constraint on nominal interest rates may have been a major factor behind a putative structural break in the effectiveness of monetary policy. To check for the existence of such a break without making prior assumptions about timing, and to enable comparison between pre- and post-break monetary policy, we employ an identified Markov switching VAR framework. Estimation results support the existence of a structural break around the time when the de facto zero nominal interest rate policy was resumed and the effectiveness of monetary policy is seen to weaken since then although slightly positive effects from monetary easing still exist. J. Japanese Int. Economies 20 (3) (2006) 434–453.     

Policy rate pass-through and the adjustment of retail interest rates: Empirical evidence from Malaysian financial institutions

The paper examines the interest rate pass-through from money market rates to various retail rates in Malaysia within the framework of an error-correction model. We estimate the short- and long-run interest rate pass-through and analyse the asymmetric behaviour of financial institutions under different monetary regimes. The results show that both deposit and lending rate pass-throughs are incomplete. However, pass-through and speed of adjustment vary across financial institutions and retail rates. This analysis also shows that interest rate adjustments are asymmetric, with more significant adjustments taking place under monetary easing than under monetary tightening. These results provide support for the existence of the interest rate channel of monetary policy in Malaysia. There is thus a need to conduct effective monetary operations to support efficient monetary transmission in Malaysia.     

The macroeconomic effects of monetary policy: Evidence from Japan

This study examines the macroeconomic effects of monetary policy in Japan. We apply the new identification strategy proposed by Bu et al. (2021) to the Japanese case and estimate monetary policy shocks that bridge periods of conventional and unconventional monetary policymaking. We show the macroeconomic effects of monetary policy; a contractionary monetary policy shock significantly decreases output and inflation rates even under the effective lower bound. However, because the shorter-term and longer-term nominal interest rates are already close to zero, the magnitude of monetary policy shocks on the macroeconomic variables is modest.     

为什么日本的扩大内需政策没有成功

对日本长期以来的扩大内需政策进行了回顾。国民收入倍增计划获得了一定的成功。但是随后的大规模公共投资、日元升值和金融缓和政策并没有使日本的经济结构发生本质的改变,相反却导致了政府债务急剧上升和泡沫经济的出现。近年来提出的新经济增长战略和区域内需理论,为扩大内需提供了新的方向,但是其有效性还有待于实践的检验。     

The transmission mechanism of monetary policy in Japan: Evidence from banks' balance sheets

We examine how banks' responses to monetary policy vary according to their balance sheet using Japanese bank data from 1975 to 1999. We find that the effect of monetary policy on lending is stronger for banks that are smaller, less liquid, and more abundant with capital. The effects of bank balance sheet on monetary transmission are different by bank types, policy stances and borrowers' industries. Our results imply that a lending channel of monetary transmission exists, that the effect of expansionary monetary policy is attenuated if banks' capital is scarce, and that the effect of monetary policy on the allocation of funds depends on banks' balance sheets. J. Japanese Int. Economies 20 (3) (2006) 380–405.     

International macroeconomic announcements and intraday euro exchange rate volatility

The short-run reaction of Euro returns volatility to a wide range of macroeconomic announcements is investigated using 5-min returns for spot Euro–Dollar, Euro–Sterling and Euro–Yen exchange rates. The marginal impact of each individual macroeconomic announcement on volatility is isolated whilst controlling for the distinct intraday volatility pattern, calendar effects, and a latent, longer run volatility factor simultaneously. Macroeconomic news announcements from the US are found to cause the vast majority of the statistically significant responses in volatility, with US monetary policy and real activity announcements causing the largest reactions of volatility across the three rates. ECB interest rate decisions are also important for all three rates, whilst UK Industrial Production and Japanese GDP cause large responses for the Euro–Sterling and Euro–Yen rates, respectively. Additionally, forward looking indicators and regional economic surveys, the release timing of which is such that they are the first indicators of macroeconomic performance that traders observe for a particular month, are also found to play a significant role.     

The effectiveness of monetary policy in China: Evidence from a Qual VAR

Analyzing monetary policy in China is not straightforward because the People's Bank of China (PBoC) implements policy by using more than one instrument. In this paper we use a Qual VAR, a conventional VAR system augmented with binary policy announcements, to extract a latent indicator of tightening and easing pressure, respectively, for China. The model acknowledges that policy announcements are endogenous and summarizes policy by a single indicator. The Qual VAR allows us to study the impact of monetary policy in terms of unexpected changes in these latent variables, which we identify using sign restrictions. We show that the transmission of monetary policy impulses to the rest of the economy is similar to the transmission process in advanced economies in terms of both output growth and inflation despite a very different monetary policy framework. We find that bank loans are not sensitive to policy changes, which implies that window guidance is still a necessary policy tool. We also find that the impact of monetary policy shocks is asymmetric in terms of asset prices, that is, the asset price reactions differ in their sensitivity to tightening shocks and easing shocks, respectively. In particular, an easing of monetary conditions boosts stock prices while a tightening shock leaves stock prices unaffected. This shows that monetary policy is not a suitable tool to stabilize asset prices, which raises implications for financial stability and macroprudential policy.