流动性危机与政府救助——全局博弈的解释

短期债权人之间的协调失败和债务挤兑会导致金融机构甚至金融系统发生流动性危机,而当金融机构发生流动性危机时,政府通常会采取救助行动。本文通过全局博弈模型来考察流动性危机与政府救助的有效性及道德风险含义。本文的研究发现,旨在降低事后无效的政府救助政策有时会提高金融机构采取有成本的调整努力的动机。这一模型有助于我们理解关于政府救助政策的讨论。     

系统性银行危机的成因、代价及管理对策探析

当一家或多家银行出现严重问题并对实体经济产生重大的负面影响时,即会出现系统性银行危机.这种危机将会严重影响支付体系,减少信贷流量以及破坏资产价值.因此,分析其成因、代价及管理对策,具有一定的现实意义.     

流动性短缺

流动性短缺一般是指银行有偿还债务的能力但是暂时没有足够的流动性资产来满足到期的短期债务的清偿,或者说是金融机构之间谁都不信任对方,谁都不愿意借钱给对方。流动性短缺直接导致金融机构间借贷成本提高,信贷数量和规模萎缩,与这种现象相对应的而是流动性过剩。     

货币政策与商业银行流动性的实证分析

当前我国商业银行的流动性过剩问题越来越突出,极大影响了商业银行的稳定和金融稳定,文章阐述了如何在货币政策和银行流动性关系中找到解决流动性问题的货币政策。     

爱尔兰危机会否"火烧欧盟"?

面对汹涌的银行挤兑压力,一直拒不求援的昔日＂凯尔特之虎＂——爱尔兰,终于低下它那高昂的头,当地时间2010年11月21日向欧盟和国际货币基金组织（IMF）递交了求援申请。     

银行权力与银行流动性创造——理论与实证

本文聚焦于银行权力对银行流动性创造的影响,首先构建了涵盖银行权力、银行风险承担以及银行流动性创造的理论模型,在理论上研究了银行权力对银行流动性创造的直接和间接影响机制;进而在理论模型基础上采用2005—2020年银行层面面板数据进行实证检验。实证结果表明,银行权力能显著提高银行流动性创造,且该结果具有稳健性。进一步细分样本分析发现,银行权力对银行流动性创造的影响具有明显的异质性特征,城商行、农商行的流动性创造较国有银行或股份制商业银行更易受到银行权力的影响。此外,本文还发现,银行风险承担在银行权力与银行流动性创造之间存在显著的中介效应,银行权力即银行参与非传统业务的程度提升能够促进银行风险承担,进而提升银行的流动性创造。因而本文认为,应鼓励银行合理和适度参与资产管理、投资银行和保险代理等非传统业务,进一步促进银行的流动性创造,从而保障中国经济的平稳运行。     

后危机时代我国中小银行的流动性风险管理

2009年下半年全球经济逐步渡过金融危机的恐慌而进入后危机时代,然而,世界经济仍处在多种不确定和不稳定因素的困扰之下。各个国家经济刺激计划带来的通货膨胀问题就是困扰之一。为此,进入2010年以后,我国银行业存款准备金率连续上调,同时,利率也进入到加息通道,存款类金融机构尤其是中小商业银行的流动性日益趋紧,流动性风险管理难度在不断加大。     

流动性风险管理:日本动向、中美比较及我国建议

<正>流动性风险是商业银行最基本的风险也是"最致命的风险"。随着金融市场结构、创新技术的发展,跨市场、跨境活动的兴起,商业银行融资渠道、业务模式、资产结构的变化,流动性风险不断发展出新的特点,使银行危机的生成和爆发机制更趋复杂。2009年下半年以来,金融危机给世界经济带来的冲击逐步趋缓,但由于危机根源未得到彻底根除,经济、金融方面仍存在不确定性,使流动性风险管理再次成为全球关注和反思的焦     

Insolvency Reform and the Indonesian Financial Crisis

Treatments of Indonesia's financial crisis customarily focus on exchange rate collapse, neglecting the question of why enterprises were so highly leveraged beforehand. This article reviews controlling shareholder-debtor behaviour both before and during the crisis. It then examines Indonesia's emergency bankruptcy legislation effective August 1998—which enjoys a mixed record in implementation—and articulates bankruptcy policy principles for the replacement legislation now being drafted. Progress on the insolvency front has been limited to a relatively small number of voluntary debt reorganisations. Early indications are that such restructurings largely take the form of debt rescheduling rather than debt-equity swaps, loan write-offs, or other approaches that would lessen enterprises' heavy leveraging. This outcome reflects problems in creditor as well as debtor preferences. What began as a private sector insolvency problem increasingly overlaps with efforts to address general banking sector difficulties. Further, nationalism questions complicate the resolution of insolvencies.     

金融危机的传导机制:一个综合解释

金融危机是金融系统发生紊乱导致的全面经济衰退。从金融系统出现紊乱到经济全面衰退存在一系列的过程与环节，所有这些过程和环节的集合即为金融危机的传导机制。概括而言，金融危机的传导机制涉及到金融系统、投资和消费、实体经济部门、社会信用等各个层次，是一种综合效应，它包含着凯恩斯效应、威克塞尔效应、财富效应和资产负债表效应。也正因为这一点，金融危机通常给当事国带来严重后果——衰退程度加深，持续时间更长。     

Global Financial Crisis: An African Perspective

This paper reviews the expanding financial turmoil that has been triggered by the Asian crisis. It examines the factors behind the crisis, its impact on African countries and the main lessons and policy implications for African countries. The onset of the Asian crisis seems to have taken everybody by surprise because the Asian countries that were hit by the crisis had been among the most successful in sustaining high rates of economic growth, keeping high saving and investment rates and improving the quality of life of their citizens. However, the emerging consensus is that the Asian crisis is a hybrid of structural and policy distortions (macro- and micro-economic) in the affected economies. The impact of the crisis on African countries was mainly transmitted through declines in export prices and volumes. The low demand for primary commodities induced by the crisis and the large depreciation of Asian currencies appear to have played major roles in depressing commodity prices. With only a few exceptions, the commodities that suffered large price declines are those for which Asia constitutes an important market (e.g. oil) and/or those mostly supplied by Asian countries (e.g. copper, timber and rubber). Africa’s oil-exporting countries, which experienced large deterioration in their terms of trade, were the most affected. For the continent as a whole, export proceeds declined by 9.5 per cent between 1997 and 1998. This was the product of a 7 per cent decline in export prices and a 2.5 per cent decline in the volume of exports. The paper estimates that the crisis has caused the growth rate in the region to slide down by 1.2 percentage points, which indicates a loss of US $6.2 billion using aggregate GDP for 1997 as the base. To put this in an order of magnitude, it is about US $2 billion higher than the annual average flow of FDI to the continent in recent years. For the majority of African countries where the inflow of private capital is small and where public debt is dominant, the traditional risk management policies, such as adopting realistic exchange rates and reducing government deficits and inflation rates, should continue to be major policy tools to prevent financial crisis. However, as the role of private capital increases the design of macroeconomic policies would need to heed the lessons emerging from Asia. One basic lesson is that careful sequencing of domestic and external liberalization is needed. In that, restrictions on the capital account, especially on the more volatile capital flows should be lifted only after the domestic financial sector has been strengthened with adequate regulatory and supervisory institutions. This is particularly true because the Asian crisis has shown that reserves, even at very high levels, can be quickly depleted given the scale and volatility of short-term capital flows. Le présent document analyse le développement de la tourmente financière déclenchée par la crise asiatique. Il examine les causes de cette crise, son impact sur les pays africains, les principaux enseignements à en tirer et ses incidences politiques pour l’Afrique. Le déclenchement de la crise asiatique semble avoir pris tout le monde de court. Les pays asiatiques touchés sont parmi ceux qui avaient enregistré des taux de croissance économique des plus élevés, maintenu des taux d’épargne et d’investissement des plus soutenus, et amélioré le plus la qualité de vie de leurs citoyens. Cependant, de l’avis général, la crise asiatique résulte de la conjonction de distorsions d’ordre structurels et politiques (macro et micro économiques) dans les pays touchés. Son impact sur les pays africains a été principalement ressenti é; travers la baisse des prix et du volume des exportations. Le fléchissement de la demande des produits de base et la forte dépréciation des monnaies asiatiques provoqués par la crise ont manifestement joué un rôle déterminant dans la chute des cours des produits de base. A quelques exceptions près, les produits dont les prix ont sensiblement baissé sont ceux pour lesquels l’Asie constitue un important marché (par exemple le pétrole) et/ ou ceux qui sont essentiellement fournis par les pays asiatiques (cuivre, bois, caoutchouc). Les pays africains exportateurs de pétrole, qui ont subi une détérioration marquée de leurs termes de l’échange, ont été les plus touchés. Pour l’ensemble du continent, les recettes d’exportation ont baissé de 9,5 pour cent entre 1997 et 1998. Cette situation résulte de la baisse de 7 pour cent des prix et de la contraction de 2,5 pour cent du volume des exportations. Ce document estime que la crise a entraîné un ralentissement de croissance de 1,2 point de pourcentage, soit une perte de 6,2 milliards de dollars EU, si l’on utilise comme base le PIB global de 1997. Traduit en ordre de grandeur, ce chiffre est d’environ 2 milliards de dollars supérieur au montant des flux moyens annuels d’IDE obtenus par le continent au cours de ces dernières années. Pour la majorité des Etats africains oú l’apport de capitaux privés est faible, et la dette publique écrasante, les politiques traditionnelles de gestion de risque, comme l’adoption de taux de change réalistes et la réduction des déficits publics et du taux d’inflation, doivent demeurer les principaux moyens d’action pour prévenir les crises financières. Cependant, à mesure qu’augmente le rôle des capitaux privés, la conception des politiques macroéconomiques devrait tenir compte des leçons qui se dégagent de l’expérience asiatique. La principale leçon est qu’il faut faire preuve de prudence dans la programmation de la libéralisation interne et externe. Dans cet esprit, la restriction des mouvements des capitaux, notamment ceux de capitaux les plus volatiles, ne doit être levée qu’après la consolidation du secteur financier au niveau interne avec le concours d’institutions compétentes de réglementation et de contrôle. Cette précaution est d’autant plus nécessaire que la crise asiatique a démontré que les réserves, même à des niveaux très élevés, peuvent s’épuiser rapidement du fait de l’ampleur et de la volatilité des flux des capitaux à court terme.     

由财政压力引发的农民超负担：一个解释

“熊彼特-希克斯-诺思命题”揭示了“凡有重大的改革，者有财政压力的背景”，“财政压力决定改革的起因和路径”。寻着这一思路，笔者考察了农民超负担形成的历史背景并从财政压力的角度分析了中央、地方、基层政府和农民之间的关系，对农民超负担现象给出一个综合的解释。     

金融市场制度创新：美国新经济的一种解说

美国自1991年进入战后最长的一次经济增长，与以往不同，这次增长的主要特征是低通涨，低失业和高增长。1994年以来，美国经济保持着4％左右的增长速度，失业率下降至4％（此数据低于自然失业率），通货膨胀率稳步走低。1999年消费物价指数下降至34的上以来的最低点，实际人均消费水平上升了36％，创造了近3500万个就业机会。从1991年3月美国经济走出低谷以来，已持续扩张了110多个月，成为二战后经济持续增长时间最长的周期。对于这种新的经济现象，经济学家和一部分政治家称之为“新经济”。     

Systemic Risk in the Financial Sector: An Analysis of the Subprime-Mortgage Financial Crisis

The paper analyses the causes of the current crisis of the global financial system, with particular emphasis on the systemic elements that turned the crisis of subprime mortgage-backed securities in the United States, a small part of the overall system, into a worldwide crisis. The first half of the paper explains the role of mortgage securitization as a mechanism for allocating risks from real estate investments and discusses what has gone wrong and why in the implementation of this mechanism in the United States. The second half of the paper discusses the incidence of systemic risk in the crisis. Two elements of systemic risk are identified. First, there was excessive maturity transformation through conduits and structured-investment vehicles (SIVs); when this broke down in August 2007, the overhang of asset-backed securities that had been held by these vehicles put significant additional downward pressure on securities prices. Second, as the financial system adjusted to the recognition of delinquencies and defaults in US mortgages and to the breakdown of maturity transformation of conduits and SIVs, the interplay of market malfunctioning or even breakdown, fair value accounting and the insufficiency of equity capital at financial institutions, and, finally, systemic effects of prudential regulation created a detrimental downward spiral in the overall financial system. The paper argues that these developments have not only been caused by identifiably faulty decisions, but also by flaws in financial system architecture. In thinking about regulatory reform, one must therefore go beyond considerations of individual incentives and supervision and pay attention to issues of systemic interdependence and transparency. Revised and expanded text of the Jelle Zijlstra Lecture at the Free University of Amsterdam on May 27, 2008. I am very grateful to the Jelle Zijlstra Professorial Fellowship Foundation for inviting me to visit the Netherlands as Jelle Zijlstra Professorial Fellow 2008 and to the Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study for providing a wonderful environment for this visit. This expanded text tries to respond to comments and questions from the discussant, Gerrit Zalm, and from members of the audience at the Lecture, for which I am very grateful. I am also grateful for comments on this text from Christoph Engel. Kristoffel Grechenig, Hans-Jürgen Hellwig, Isabel Schnabel, and two referees. As the text was being written, its subject itself has been evolving at a catastrophic pace. Some anachronisms are therefore unavoidable. However, the core of the analysis is, I believe, unaffected.     

直面地方政府财政破产

当商业欺诈成为行业潜规则时,劣币驱逐良币就会在市场上蔓延. "破产"一词所表达的优胜劣汰、相反相成的哲学寓意,国人是在最近三十年逐步体会出来的.先前不知破产为何物,后来视破产为洪水猛兽;及至1986年12月2日,共和国第一部企业破产法在一波三折的"议会辩论"中火爆登场以来,人们渐渐发现它还真有不可替代的积极作用,终于见怪不怪了.不过现如今,在七万多家破产企业身旁,突然冒出一个"地方政府财政破产"问题,又难免有点少见多怪了.     

金融危机下企业财务战略与财务竞争力研究

此次金融危机的破坏性越来越严重,尽快走出危机的“泥潭”成为政府、企业和社会公众的一致愿望。文章对本次金融危机爆发的根源进行简要阐述,指出克服“旁观者”效应,鼓励企业“打造核心竞争力”．变“救市输血”为“强企造血”才是应对危机的根本。提升企业核心竞争力的方面很多,文章以财务竞争力和价值链的视角为企业应对危机,进而也为后危机时代建立系统完善有效的财务管理体系提出思路。