中国股票市场风险溢价研究

本文通过综合资产定价理论和实证文献研究结论,对1997年到2009年中国股市A股股票的风险溢价的截面差异作了详尽的实证研究。我们构造25个投资组合作为检验资产,进行Fama-MacBeth两步回归法,建立了基于市场风险溢价,账面市值比,盈利股价比,现金流股价比,投资资本比,工业增加值变化率以及回购利率和期限利差的八因素模型。我们的主要发现有以下三点:一是相对于Fama-French三因素模型,我们模型的实证解释力有显著提高;二是与过去的文献不同,我们发现回购利率和期限利差等债市指标对股市风险溢价的截面数据有显著解释能力;三是与基于投资的资产定价理论一致,我们发现投资比率和现金流股价比能显著反映我国股市的风险溢价。     

中国股票市场流动性风险溢价研究

本文在对Fama三因素模型和LACAPM模型进行改进的基础上,实证研究了中国股票市场的流动性风险溢价、规模效应以及价值效应。实证结果发现,改进的FAMA三因素模型能够比CAPM更好地解释价值效应,但却不能解释规模效应和流动性风险溢价现象;而改进的LACAPM在解释市场异象上的有效性则明显优于其他定价模型。     

Term Premium Determinants, Return Enhancement and Interest Rate Predictability

This paper investigates whether simple term premium estimation techniques provide potential for return enhancement and interest rate predictability. Using short-term US government securities, during 1959—93, it is demonstrated that utilization of such knowledge allows investors to enhance returns on fixed income portfolios, provided that other than money market alternatives can be considered as potential repositories of funds. In addition, such knowledge yielded short-term interest rate predictions that were weakly superior to other methodologies, including the naive no-change forecast, except during the volatile early 1980s.     

Time Varying Market Leverage, the Market Risk Premium and the Cost of Capital

This paper shows that, when as usual the market portfolio is proxied by a share portfolio, then the conventional Ibbotson (1999) estimator of the market risk premium violates Miller–Modigliani (1958 and 1963) propositions II and III. A new estimator of the market risk premium is proposed which is free of these defects. In addition, across the range of market leverages experienced in the US in the period 1952–1997, it generates estimates of the market risk premium that differ from those generated by the Ibbotson methodology by up to 2.5 percentage points, and weighted average costs of capital for firms that differ by up to 2.6 percentage points.     

Components of Market Risk and Return

This article proposes a flexible but parsimonious specificationof the joint dynamics of market risk and return to produce forecastsof a time-varying market equity premium. Our parsimonious volatilitymodel allows components to decay at different rates, generatesmean-reverting forecasts, and allows variance targeting. Thesefeatures contribute to realistic equity premium forecasts forthe U.S. market over the 1840–2006 period. For example,the premium forecast was low in the mid-1990s but has recentlyincreased. Although the market's total conditional variancehas a positive effect on returns, the smooth long-run componentof volatility is more important for capturing the dynamics ofthe premium. This result is robust to univariate specificationsthat condition on either levels or logs of past realized volatility(RV), as well as to a new bivariate model of returns and RV.     

Adjustment of the Stamp Duty on Stock Transactions and Its Effect on the Chinese Stock Market

This paper studies how the last three adjustments of the stamp duty on stock transactions (SDST) have affected trading behavior on the Chinese stock market. To exclude other shocks from our event study, we focus only on the SDST's short-term effects. Based on an interval autoregressive (IAR) model, we find that the SDST's effects on interval return are trivial; moreover, its ability to influence market volatility and trading volume is cast into doubt. Our empirical evidence lends support to the view that in China the SDST is not an effective policy tool.     

Arbitrage, Risk Premium, and Cointegration Tests of the Efficiency of Futures Markets

This article provides a new perspective on the efficiency of futures markets in a cointegration framework. Under the conventional risk premium hypothesis, if futures and spot prices are non-stationary, they must be cointegrated if futures markets are efficient. Alternatively, the cost-of-carry model implies that there should be a cointegration relationship among spot prices, futures prices and interest rates assuming all the series contain a unit root. Market efficiency further implies specific parameter restrictions under these two models. Using data on the futures markets for gold, silver, palladium and platinum, this article first establishes that interest rates, spot and futures prices are unit root non-stationary. The evidence on cointegration is somewhat mixed: the gold futures market is consistent with the cost-of-carry model, and the silver futures market satisfies the risk premium hypothesis, but the evidence for the other two markets is inconclusive.     

中国居民储蓄与股票市场之间的联动效应——理论分析与实证检验

从资产需求理论出发的理论分析、对我国现实情况进行的剖析,以及利用2001～2007年3月的最新数据对居民储蓄与股票市场之间联动关系进行的实证分析显示:随着经济的发展和资本市场的深化,我国居民的储蓄偏好和证券投资倾向正逐步发生变化;我国股市交易与居民储蓄存在联动效应,居民主动投资股票市场的积极性在增强,但两者之间的影响幅度还相对较小,这与我国居民储蓄存款的低利率弹性、股票市场的高风险特征以及股票市场的风险溢价波幅较大等有关.     

The Consumption–Income Ratio,Entrepreneurial Risk,and the U.S. Stock Market

The owners of small noncorporate businesses face substantial and largely uninsurable entrepreneurial risk. They are also an important group of stock owners. This paper explores the role of entrepreneurial risk in explaining time variation in expected U.S. stock returns in the period 1952–2010. It proposes an entrepreneurial distress factor that is based on a cointegrating relationship between aggregate consumption and income from proprietary and nonproprietary wealth. This factor, referred to here as the cpy residual, signals when entrepreneurial income is low in relation to aggregate consumption and other forms of income in the economy. It is highly correlated with cross‐sectional measures of idiosyncratic entrepreneurial and default risk, and it has considerable forecasting power for the expected equity premium. However, the correlation between cpy and the stock market started to decline at the beginning of the 1980s. The decline in this correlation can be associated with increased stock market participation and with the progress of U.S. state‐level bank deregulation. This pattern is consistent with the view that entrepreneurial risk became more easily diversifiable in the wake of U.S. state‐level bank deregulation.     

股指期货与现货市场的关系研究

本文从市场结构、交易执行效率和市场信息传播三个方面,由浅入深地展开了期现货市场关系的梳理和分析。股指期货市场的出现,一是使得原本现货市场单轨运行的市场结构变为了期现货市场双轨运行的新结构,增加了市场稳定性;二是依托期货交易方式的独特机制,大大提高了交易执行效率;三是期货价格也因此包含了更多内容,促进了市场信息的传播与扩散。同时,股指期货的独特设计使得其非常适合在危机条件下充分发挥功能,是一个重要的风险管理工具,已经成为现代资本市场的重要组成部分和基础性的内在稳定机制。     

Predictability of Emerging Market Local Currency Bond Risk Premia

This article investigates the source of predictability of emerging market (EM) local currency bond risk premia by using a dynamic factor approach based on a large panel of economic and financial time series. We find strong predictable variation in EM local currency excess bond returns that is associated with macroeconomic activity. We provide evidence that the main predictor variables are the factors based on real economic activity that are highly correlated with measures of industrial and manufacturing production; however, factors based on global financial factors also contain information about the future local currency bond returns. The predictive power of the extracted factors is both statistically significant and economically important. Our research has important implications for policymakers and pension fund managers.     

Jump Tail Dependence in the Chinese Stock Market

The article examines the characteristics and implications of jump tail dependence in the Chinese stock market with high-frequency data. The results indicate that jumps contribute significantly to tail dependence between individual stocks and the aggregate market. Jumps are more tail dependent than raw returns and account for an average of 17 percent of the daily tail-dependence coefficient. We also find that jump tail dependence is asymmetric and substantially stronger in the lower tail than in the upper tail. Ignoring jump tail dependence may lead to underestimation of risks and produce inaccurate conclusions about the tail neutrality of a portfolio.     

Modelling the Currency Forward Risk Premium: A New Perspective

In this paper we seek to develop a new approach to the time series analysis of foreign exchange risk premia. We do so by assuming a geometric Brownian process for the spot exchange rate and expressing the no-arbitrage spot-forward price relationship under the historical probability measure. We are thereby able to obtain a stochastic differential equation system linking the spot exchange rate, the forward exchange rate and the risk premium (modelled directly as a mean-reverting diffusion process) which we estimate using Kalman filtering techniques. We are able to use observations at a range of frequencies since the framework we set up does not involve overlapping observations. The model is then applied to the French Franc/USD, DEM/USD, GBP/USD, and Japanese Yen/USD exchange rates from 1 January 1990 to 31 December 1998. For all currencies we find evidence that the forward risk premium is stationary and exhibits substantial positive time variation.     

Market Structure and Return Volatility: Evidence from the Hong Kong Stock Market

There is no consensus about the cause for higher volatility at the market open than at the market close in the U.S. market. As an order–driven, nonspecialist market, the Hong Kong stock market provides a useful setting for an examination. If halt of trade were the major cause of higher open–to–open volatility, the open–to–open volatility in the Hong Kong market would be higher. However, this is not observed. The autocorrelation of the open–to–open return series also indicates that the temporary price deviation at the market opening is not significant. We view these findings as consistent with the specialist argument.     

市场分割状态下红筹股回归A股的经济影响

市场分割其实是一种普遍现象。中国A股市场存在一定的泡沫,市场的大起大落以及可供上市的潜在资源相对匮乏,使得红筹股回归成为稳定市场的选择之一。通过对红筹股回归产生的经济效应的分析表明:红筹股回归将增加投资者的投资品种,有助于提升A股投资者的福利水平;由于A股市场普遍溢价于H股市场,红筹股回归的IPO定价可能会高于其原红筹股价格,因而可能存在财富从A股投资者向红筹股投资者转移的现象。     

证券市场均衡理论及其对我国市场的启示

证券市场均衡理论说明证券市场是在以市场制度为依托,市场机制充分发挥作用,经济当事人具有贝叶斯理性并能无障碍获得市场信息条件下,才能实现的均衡状态。我国证券市场是在计划经济向市场经济转轨中形成的,政府主导制度供给、干预证券市场运行。一方面政府行为直接推动了证券市场的发展,有利于证券市场服务于改革,服务于政策目标的实现;另一方面,由于政府行为也蕴含了与市场机制不相溶的因素,妨碍了证券市场功能的发挥。     

中国股市波动率的双重不对称性及其解释——基于MS-TGARCH模型的MCMC估计和分析

本文应用MCMC方法估计了上证综指的MS-TGARCH模型,并得出中国股市的波动率存在双重不对称性。其一,每个波动状态中,中国股市的波动率都存在不对称性,其中高波动状态的波动率对好消息的反应显著大于坏消息,而低波动状态则刚好相反;其二,不同状态之间,中国股市波动率的不对称性刚好相反,并且高波动状态伴随着显著大于0的平均收益率。最后,本文从投资者心理、行为以及中国经济大环境等角度进行了解释。     

Time‐Varying Risk–Return Trade‐off in the Stock Market

We uncover a strong comovement of the stock market risk–return trade‐off with the consumption–wealth ratio (CAY). The finding reflects time‐varying investment opportunities rather than countercyclical aggregate relative risk aversion. Specifically, the partial risk–return trade‐off is positive and constant when we control for CAY as a proxy for investment opportunities. Moreover, conditional market variance scaled by CAY is negatively priced in the cross‐section of stock returns. Our results are consistent with a limited stock market participation model, in which shareholders require an illiquidity premium that increases with CAY, in addition to the risk premium that is proportional to conditional market variance.     

财政货币政策和我国股市关联性:基于脉冲响应函数和方差分解的对比检验

财政货币政策和股市关联性模型表明,宏观经济政策和股市可能存在强相关性。基于我国时序数据的脉冲响应函数检验结果显示,财政货币政策对股市作用存在阶段性并有着非中性和非对称性特征,即无论个体对政策冲击是否存在有效预期,政策变化对股市都将存在冲击效应。但二者对股市冲击持续时间有较大差异,财政政策冲击往往只存在短期效应,而货币政策冲击对股市长期波动却有显著影响。其中方差检验得出,财政政策对我国股市影响力相对更小。     

Assessing the Economic Significance of Return Predictability: A Research Note

The predictability of stock returns is often assessed using classical statistical significance from predictive regressions. Statistical inference, however, can belie the economic importance with which investors regard various predictors. This paper examines the influence that predictors have on an investor's optimal portfolio allocations. The results show that return predictability is sufficient to induce horizon effects in optimal allocations. After incorporating estimation risk, however, little evidence of predictability remains. We also assess the relative importance of three predictor variables. While dividend yield is the most important predictor, optimal allocations are also sensitive to the term spread and the relative bill rate.