Internalization theory and the performance of emerging-market multinational enterprises

Constrained by their peripheral position in the global factory system and underdeveloped institutions at home, emerging-market multinational enterprises (MNEs) are likely to achieve monopoly-based, rather than knowledge-based, financial gains from internationalization conditional on R&D. Emerging market MNEs need to engage in R&D to upgrade orchestration know-how within the global factory. This needs to be accompanied by the development of home-based enabling institutions. This article develops the argument based on internalization theory, and tests hypotheses against the experience of major emerging-market MNEs from 2004 to 2011.     

Lessons learned from Brazilian multinationals’ internationalization strategies

Internationalization of emerging market multinationals is a recent phenomenon gaining importance in the global economy. This foreign expansion of a new breed of companies has challenged established theories and practices in the field of international business (Cuervo-Cazurra, 2007). This article addresses the issue of whether or not there is something to learn from these emerging market companies and their foreign expansion. Focusing on the international trajectories of four Brazilian multinationals (i.e., Odebrecht, Embraer, Stefanini, and Marcopolo), this study analyzes their strategies and managerial processes during and after the recent economic crisis with regards to internationalization. Our qualitative fieldwork suggests that the trajectories of these Brazilian multinationals are quite unstructured and evolve as a reaction to the opportunities they face in international markets. It seems all four companies in our sample shared a strong entrepreneurial spirit and a high motivation to expand their international operations despite the crisis and the obstacles they faced. Our findings and suggestions in terms of lessons learned should provide valuable implications for multinational managers from other emerging markets by providing a better understanding of how Brazilian multinationals expand internationally, deal with economic crisis, and manage relationships with local and foreign institutions.     

The moderating effect of technology and marketing know-how in the regional-global diversification link: Evidence from emerging market multinationals

In this study, we link regional diversification to global diversification of emerging market multinationals (EMNCs) and explore the importance of firm-specific technology and marketing know-how in that process. We develop our hypotheses and test them using a sample of 625 Chinese manufacturing multinationals across multiple industries. The results reveal that regional diversification predicts global diversification, and that firm-specific technology and marketing know-how both increase the likelihood of a firm’s moving from regional to global operations. Technology know-how was found to be more influential than marketing know-how.     

Talent management motives and practices in an emerging market: A comparison between MNEs and local firms

This paper compares the differences in talent management motivations and practices between MNEs and local firms in the emerging market of Turkey. It uses institutional theory and the resource based view of the firm to explain these differences. Examining data from 201 firms the findings show significant differences between the talent management motives of MNEs and local firms, with MNEs having more tactical motivations for their talent management systems. The study also shows significant differences in the talent management practices between MNEs and local firms, with MNEs implementing more robust systems of talent management overall. The findings indicate that the motives for TM and the practices that are pursued by organizations are society-bound. The study of TM motives and practices has to be framed within the context of the institution as this shapes the way in which actors perceive and respond to environmental and organizational stimuli and the extent to which they seek to protect the rules that shape and structure their environments.     

Emerging market multinationals’ role in facilitating developed country multinationals’ regional expansion: A critical review of the literature and Turkish MNC examples

The recent expansion of emerging market multinationals into world markets has generated a rich literature. While this literature has addressed the potential motivations, behaviors, and strategic implications of these firms’ moves abroad, their possible role as facilitating agents in regional expansion has not been adequately explored. In this paper, we explore this question through a critical review of the literature and examples from Turkish multinationals. We also offer questions for future research.     

Foreign direct investment productivity premium and foreign affiliates' heterogeneity: A comparison between advanced and emerging market overseas investments in the EU

This paper aims to investigate the existence of productivity heterogeneity among foreign‐owned firms (FOFs) based in the European Union (EU). Using firm‐level data for a sample of FOFs investing in the EU over the period 2006–14, we find that foreign affiliates from advanced countries (AFOFs) show a positive productivity gap compared to foreign affiliates from emerging countries (EFOFs). However, when we consider the type and the motivation of foreign direct investment, our results reveal that, while AFOFs always seem to be more productive than EFOFs in manufacturing sectors, EFOFs appear to enjoy a productivity premium compared to AFOFs in the services, when their activity occurs in the same industry as their parent and they operate in less knowledge‐intensive market sectors.     

Needed B2B marketing capabilities: Insights from the USA and emerging Latin America

Firms from all parts of the world are expanding operations globally in a turbulent economic context, requiring the understanding of nontraditional markets. Much attention has been focused on China and India, but researchers have neglected Latin America, a region economically as important as Germany, India, Japan, and South Korea. Latin America, as is true of many developed and emerging markets, has a strong presence of industrial ? or business to business (B2B) ? transactions. The configuration and convergence-divergence of marketing capabilities are relevant for the understanding of the globalization phenomenon. This study aims to examine B2B marketing capabilities of firms in Chile, Mexico and Peru (as Latin American countries), seeking conceptual issues in order to comprehend their business perspectives and contribute to the almost nonexistent body of research in this region. How do the results from Latin America compare with the USA? While the study shows directional convergence between Chile and Peru, there also is interesting divergence between all Latin American countries and the USA. The findings offer a portfolio of marketing topics that we believe are worthy of practitioner and academic consideration. We propose a model of convergence-divergence of B2B marketing capabilities across nations and state propositions for hypothesis testing.     

Dependence between the global gold market and emerging stock markets (E7+1): Evidence from Granger causality using quantile and quantile‐on‐quantile regression methods

This study examined the dependence between gold and stocks during 2002–18 in seven emerging countries. The study combined the bivariate cross‐quantilogram introduced recently with quantile‐on‐quantile regression (QQR) approaches to conduct comprehensive and complementary analyses. The QQR results for the full sample revealed a weak positive dependence in all the quantiles of gold and stock returns across all the countries selected during mild market conditions. The results for pre and post‐crisis periods largely were consistent with those obtained for the full sample, except for Turkey (pre‐crisis), and China and Indonesia (post‐crisis). The results of the causality test‐in‐mean (return) and that of the causality test‐in‐variance revealed no causal relation between stock and gold in the pre‐crisis period, while causality ran only from gold to some stocks in the post‐crisis period. Further, while there was volatility causality running only from gold to stocks during the pre‐crisis period, the volatility causality between the two markets was very high during the post‐crisis period. Therefore, we suggest that gold may have been a hedge for stocks during the pre‐crisis compared to the post‐crisis period. Further, international risk factors should be considered in optimal investment decisions between domestic and global markets' assets (stocks and gold).     

Retailing in the Transition Economies of Poland and Romania: A Comparative Analysis

This research compares and contrasts the current state of development in the retailing industry in the transition economies of Poland and Romania. Two issues examined in this research are (a) the process of market reforms and resulting developments in store-based and non-store retailing, including the competition among large multinational retail chains and small local retail stores, and (b) the structure of the retail industry in terms of market share of 17 different categories of retailers within their respective sectors, namely, grocery retailers, specialty retailers, and non-store retailers, and overall growth registered by these retailers in the last 5 years (2004–2009). Managerial implications of the findings in terms of the opportunities and challenges in different categories of retailing business in the two countries are discussed, and directions for future research are identified.     

Integrating nonmarket and market resources,strategy and performance in Chinese enterprises: a review of the field and a resource-based empirical study

The resource-based view (RBV) regards strategy as deploying resources to obtain a competitive advantage. This article adopts such a RBV, by a simultaneous consideration of nonmarket and market factors, and then an empirical analysis of the relationships between such nonmarket and market resources, strategies and performance, focusing specifically on Chinese enterprises. The results test hypotheses related to the integrated strategy and RBV of the firm on linkages of nonmarket and market components. Combining those two views, this study reveals that there is a high and positive correlation between nonmarket and market strategies, while nonmarket strategy has a positive indirect effect on market performance via nonmarket performance. These findings suggest that the RBV is an appropriate theory for addressing the shortcomings in integrated strategy research.     

中国概念股指期货跨市场套利研究——基于沪深300指数、H股指数、新华富时A50指数期货的实证分析

针对沪深300指数、H股指数、新华富时A50指数期货,给出确定投资比例、选择投资时机及度量投资风险的方法,对中国概念股指期货的跨市场套利机会进行研究,结论显示:中国沪深300股票指数与周边市场的中国概念股票指数之间存在着普遍关联性,并且这种关联性可以转化为套利机会.实证结果表明:当1∶0.836546作为A50股指期货与H股股指期货的持仓比时,可以得到最优套利结果.     

破解IT能力与绩效关系谜团:战略柔性的视角——来自华南地区外向型制造业的实证研究

文章以华南地区外向型制造企业为例,对IT能力、战略柔性及绩效关系进行了实证研究。结果表明,IT能力只对非财务绩效有显著的直接正向影响,而对财务绩效没有,但会通过战略柔性中介作用于两类绩效。IT能力对先动柔性和响应柔性均有显著的直接正向影响,同时,先动柔性和响应柔性对非财务绩效具有显著的直接正向影响,但先动柔性对财务绩效的直接影响却不显著。     

有效需求与自主创新能力影响机制研究——来自中国1980—2004年的经验证据

有效需求是影响一国自主创新能力的主要因素。其中,市场分割和收入差距是决定有效需求规模和结构的重要变量。中国国内市场分割的存在严重制约了有效需求规模的扩大;同时,广泛的城乡间、地区间收入差距也深刻影响到消费者的需求结构和需求偏好,形成"价廉物美"、"价廉质低"的"特殊"需求特征。这就有可能削弱有效需求对自主创新动力的引致作用,进而影响自主创新活动的开展和自主创新能力的培养,并已成为制约中国产业结构升级和国民经济持续发展的重要内因。理论和实证分析的结果都表明,促进中国自主创新能力的政策思路应该着眼于解决有效需求对自主创新的引致功能缺位。     

中澳两国产业内贸易的实证研究——基于1997-2007年进出口贸易数据

本文首先通过理论和实证比较选取Aquino指数对中澳两国产业内贸易状况进行了测度,然后利用GHM法将产业内贸易细分为垂直型和水平型,从更深层次研究中澳两国产业内贸易现状和发展趋势,结果发现:中澳两国初级产品产业内贸易整体水平较低,但Aquino指数呈现上升趋势,产业内贸易水平有进一步提升的空间;中澳两国制成品产业内贸易整体水平明显高于初级产品,但无论是资本、技术密集型产业还是劳动密集型产业,中国都不具有优势,中国劳动密集型制成品没有表现出预想优势,贸易条件持续恶化,资本或技术密集型制成品与澳大利亚有较大差距,但差距呈现缩小趋势。     

中国碳排放量与外商直接投资的互动机制——基于1994～2009年数据的实证研究

20世纪90年代以来,中国境内的外商直接投资金额不断增加,外资对中国经济的拉动作用日趋明显。然而,外商直接投资也带来了严重的碳排放量增加与环境污染问题。文章根据1994～2009年的相关数据,计算了该时期中国的碳排放量,并利用计量经济模型检验了中国碳排放量与外商直接投资之间的关系。结果表明,二者之间存在协整关系,中国碳排放量与外商直接投资互为格兰杰因果关系,从长期来看,外商直接投资的增多将加大中国的碳排放量。