国土空间规划赋能共同富裕：机理解析与地方实践

研究目的：探索国土空间规划赋能共同富裕的空间机理与规划途径,以期为共同富裕目标下的国土空间治理提供理论依据与实践参考。研究方法：文献资料法和归纳演绎法。研究结果：（1）构建了以空间治理极化与扩散效应为理论基础、以经济要素和空间要素的耦合为规划机制、以多层次多要素管控为工具的空间规划赋能共同富裕的机理框架;（2）提出了比较优势发挥、发展权转移、生态产品价值实现、公共服务均等化的空间规划赋能共同富裕的实现路径;（3）基于重点任务、规划编制、规划实施的全过程梳理规划赋能共同富裕的实践探索,从高质量发展空间格局、山海协作机制、生态优势转化等方面总结了浙江省缩小地区差距、城乡差距、收入差距的规划实践经验,揭示了规划赋能共同富裕的关键内容。研究结论：空间规划是资源组织和优化配置的政策工具,将共同富裕理念全面融入国土空间规划全过程,通过资源要素优化配置促进区域协作、城乡融合和乡村振兴,缩小三大差距,助力共同富裕建设。     

新时代城乡共同富裕的理论逻辑与实现路径

城乡共同富裕是全体人民实现共同富裕的核心内容。新时代城乡共同富裕是对马克思主义城乡关系理论和共同富裕理论的创造性转化,是对中国特色社会主义城乡关系理论和共同富裕理论的继承创新,其理论机理内含目标维度上的城乡全民富裕、动力维度上的城乡共建富裕、内容维度上的城乡全面富裕和策略维度上的城乡渐进富裕。本文通过结合浙江省共同富裕示范区的建设经验,以“全民、共建、全面、渐进”为原则提出了新时代城乡共同富裕的实现路径,包括始终以高质量发展为主线健全城乡全民共富提升机制,以紧密型城乡协作共同体建设激发城乡共建创富活力,以政策集成改革撬动城乡全面富裕建设,以区域性共富联盟和特色化发展战略支撑城乡渐进富裕路径,最终推动城乡共荣和全民共富的如期实现。     

乡村振兴战略导向下自然资源管理创新探究

［目的］立足要素管理视角,解构乡村振兴战略理论内涵、逻辑关联及框架体系,明确自然资源管理创新的着力点、功能定位和重点任务。［方法］综合运用系统论、地理学和政策分析方法,采取“人口—资源—环境—发展”科学思维范式和“问题—目标—空间—工程—支撑—模式”逻辑主线,进行要素、结构、功能和对策分析。［结果］（1）从空间治理角度,正确处理人、地、产、钱4核心要素关系,优化重构生产空间、生态空间和生活空间是乡村振兴战略的核心任务; （2）从工程保障角度,聚力推进“产业融合提升工程”等五大重点工程是乡村振兴战略的关键抓手; （3）从要素支撑角度,充分彰显自然资源的资源、资产、资本与生态多元属性,为乡村振兴发展提供资源安全保障、产权安全保障、生态安全保障、能源安全保障是自然资源管理创新的基本功能定位。［结论］自然资源管理创新对乡村振兴战略的支撑主要体现在产业兴旺、生态宜居、生活富裕三大目标上,做好自然资源调查监测评价、推进自然资源（不动产）统一确权登记、开展生态系统整体保护与修复、制定国土空间规划体系和建立城乡一体化要素市场体系、创新差别化高效化资源分类管理模式是乡村振兴与自然资源管理协同创新的未来方向。     

共同富裕目标下农民合作社能力提升的内在机理与现实观照

能力是共同富裕的必要条件,共同富裕是能力提升的主要目标。农民合作社是引领农民迈向共同富裕的有效微观主体,大力发展农民合作社将为推动共同富裕提供有力支撑。本文运用企业能力理论IPO范式,阐释共同富裕目标下农民合作社能力的丰富内涵,凝练农民合作社实现共同富裕的核心能力,剖析农民合作社能力对实现物质富裕、精神富裕、生态富裕的作用机理。调研发现,农民合作社能力的资源基础有待夯实,加工能力是农民合作社能力开发的“短板”,农民合作社的经济价值、社会价值、生态价值作用于共同富裕目标的实现。“显性能力”与“隐性能力”并重、产业链延伸拓展和内部治理规范化是农民合作社能力提升并促进农民物质殷实、精神富足的关键。     

城乡融合发展推动共同富裕的内在机理与实现路径

实现全体人民的共同富裕是中国式现代化的本质要求,城乡融合发展是推动共同富裕的基本途径。城乡融合发展与共同富裕具有逻辑统一性,应深刻把握城乡融合发展推动全民富裕、全面富裕、共建富裕和渐进富裕的内在机理,探寻城乡融合发展推动共同富裕的实现路径。当前城乡融合发展推动共同富裕面临诸多实践难点,应以县域单元为枢纽,完善县域经济发展与城乡居民收入同步增长机制,健全县域城乡基本公共服务高质量均等化的长效机制,构建县域社会组织参与共同富裕的支持政策体系,并基于不同县域类型探索城乡融合发展推动共同富裕的差异化实践模式,使城乡融合发展真正成为推动全体人民共同富裕的重要力量。     

自然资源资产规划：理论内涵、作用机理与编制逻辑

研究目的：界定自然资源资产规划理论内涵,明确规划定位、层级和分类,剖析规划引领自然资源资产价值实现的作用机理,理顺规划编制逻辑。研究方法：理论分析法,实践案例分析法和归纳演绎法。研究结果：（1）自然资源资产规划即以国土空间规划和用途管制为前提,以资产配置高效化、综合利益最大化、所有者收益最优化为根本目标,由不同履职主体对权责范围内自然资源资产保护和使用的目标、方向以及空间时序进行统筹安排的过程。规划定位为国家发展规划体系的专项规划,包括国家、省、市、县四级以及资产规划、专题规划和配置单元规划三类。（2）资产整备、资产配置和资产经营是规划关键策略和抓手,通过规划实施,可推进自然资源资产化、资产资本化、资本交易化、产品服务资金化,实现自然资源资产“存在价值—使用价值—要素价值—交换价值”演化。（3）资产规划编制实践要以“整体管护、整体配置、权责利统一”为根本原则,按照“目标导向+分区调控+策略牵引+协同落实”的逻辑开展。研究结论：自然资源资产规划是引导实现自然资源资产“明晰权利—高质供给—市场配置—价值显化—经营管理—收益分配—系统监督”全链条管理的关键,从资产价值实现视角为国土空间规划做补充,是推进“两统一”协同的重要桥梁,需尽快完善规划体系,深化技术规范研究,统筹开展各层级规划试编工作。     

面向治理转型的国土空间用途管制制度完善路径探讨

研究目的：明确国土空间用途管制的转型逻辑,探究国土空间用途管制制度完善路径。研究方法：文献梳理法与综合分析法。研究结果：（1）国土空间用途管制属于在地化的空间管制创新模式,是在新的价值理念与治理需求引导下的空间治理转型实践。（2）国土空间用途管制的治理目标是实现国土空间系统性、激励性与高效能管制,其治理逻辑是将国土空间用途管制小闭环嵌入到国土空间治理大闭环之中,实现自然资源部内部治理“小协同”与以自然资源部为核心的多部门治理“大协同”联动。（3）可从构建全域全要素全过程的国土空间用途管制体系、优化系统治理的“三条控制线”划定及管制规则、规范与创新国土空间用途管理政策体系、建立健全多部门权力协同机制以及利益调节机制等方面探索国土空间用途管制完善路径。研究结论：国土空间用途管制涉及多学科交叉、需要理论联系实践,将来研究要加强理论综合支撑顶层设计、关注区域差异鼓励地方创新以及尊重主体利益提高管制效能。     

宅基地“三权分置”促进共同富裕：基于浙江省 象山县的案例分析

研究目的：基于浙江省象山县的案例分析,探索宅基地“三权分置”改革促进共同富裕的路径。研究方法：案例研究法,交易成本分析法。研究结果：（1）通过象山县纵向案例分析,提出了“确权—赋能—活化—保障”宅基地“三权分置”促进共同富裕的演化模型;（2）运用交易成本理论,聚焦宅基地社会保障属性与财产功能属性的动态平衡,揭示了宅基地“三权分置”改革促进共同富裕的路径。研究结论：宅基地“三权分置”促进共同富裕的实现,可从巩固共同富裕制度运行基础、放活共同富裕制度内生动力、拓宽共同富裕财产增收渠道、构建共同富裕红利分配体系4条路径整体推进。     

新时代土地资源管理专业本科人才培养方案优化研究

研究目的：在自然资源和国土空间治理背景下,总结土地资源管理专业人才培养方案的主要特征、人才培养方向定位和存在的问题,从课程群、人才培养定位等层面提出新时代我国土地资源管理专业人才培养方案改革建议。研究方法：文献研究和比较研究。研究结果：（1）我国土地资源管理专业多依托综合类与农林类院校设立,人才培养偏向应用型中高级人才;（2）现行土地资源管理专业培养方案分为公共管理本位、工程技术导向和土地客体导向三个类别,均不能兼顾土地资源管理专业“综合性学科”与“专门型人才”或指定领域“复合型人才”的培养要求;（3）新时代土地资源管理专业应拓展“土地”客体,强化“资源”实践,打造“管理”人才,建构“基础课—专业核心课—方法课—应用方向”的课程体系。研究结论：面向学科客体内涵重构和综合性人才需求的双重挑战,新时代土地资源管理专业人才培养依托重构课程群组实现,以土地资源为本,建构有力支撑自然资源和空间治理实践中高级人才需求的专业课程体系和课程内容,并以培养复合型人才和高水平应用人才为目标,夯实土地资源管理专业人才培养方案中的方法课和实践课程。     

自然资源统一确权登记的入法路径与规则完善 ——兼论与不动产登记的立法协调

研究目的：廓清自然资源统一确权登记在国家所有权维度承载的“山水林田湖草沙”整体保护与空间治理功能，确定其与不动产登记的立法协调路径，为自然资源资产产权改革提供前端制度保障。研究方法：文本分析、规范解释、案例研究。研究结果：（1）不动产登记立法改革将自然资源国家所有权归入可登记的不动产权利类型，窄化了自然资源登记应有的功能定位，导致两种登记在立法分工、登记对象、登记事项等方面的矛盾和杂糅；（2）自然资源登记在明晰权属之外，因承接生态保护的全新治理目标，应定位于空间维度的整体登记。研究结论：有必要构建“前置且衔接”的立法路径，厘清自然资源登记与不动产登记的立法分工；增设“整体保护”原则以服务生态优先的自然资源权利配置要求；建立“自然生态空间+自然资源要素”复合式登记模式，以兼顾保护性和权属性的双重登记目标；明确所有权管理事项的登记效力，以契合国家所有权行使的特殊要求。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.