吉林省乡村地域多功能时空变化与耦合协调测度研究

研究目的：通过构建乡村地域生产—生活—生态功能评价指标体系,明晰吉林省乡村地域多功能时空演变特征及其相互作用关系,为吉林省乡村振兴提供有益的决策参考。研究方法：运用空间自相关模型和耦合协调度模型,定量分析2009—2018年吉林省县域乡村地域多功能时空演变特征及其耦合协调测度。研究结果：（1）吉林省乡村地域生产功能明显弱化,生活功能和生态功能逐渐提升;（2）乡村地域生产功能、生活功能和生态功能空间集聚程度均有所提高,生产功能高值区向农业生产条件优越的中部集聚,生活功能高值区和低值区自西向东呈条带状分布,生态功能呈“中部高、东西低”的空间分布格局;（3）将乡村地域多功能耦合协调类型划分为勉强协调型、初级协调型、中级协调型、良好协调型和优质协调型5种,研究期内吉林省乡村地域多功能耦合协调度下降但整体为初级协调型,空间上呈“中部上升,东西下降”的变化特征。研究结论：吉林省亟需在乡村地域功能优化升级的同时促进多功能良性协调发展,针对不同的耦合协调类型区提出差异化发展的政策建议,对于遏制乡村地域功能退化、推动乡村可持续发展至关重要。     

安徽省县域乡村“三生”功能及耦合协调时空格局分析

[目的]通过探索乡村地域生产、生活、生态“三生”功能的交互关系和演化规律,为安徽省乡村空间功能优化、乡村发展活力提升、乡村生态环境改善建设提供参考。[方法]文章基于乡村“三生”功能测度指标体系和耦合协调度模型,测算1997—2017年安徽省县域乡村“三生”功能的发展水平和耦合协调度,并利用空间自相关分析揭示了乡村“三生”功能耦合协调的时空格局演化特征。[结果]（1）研究期间,安徽省乡村“三生”功能发展水平空间差异缩小,乡村发展水平趋向均衡,其中生活功能对乡村发展起到主导作用。（2）安徽省乡村“三生”功能耦合度整体较高,以高耦合和良性共振耦合为主,空间上呈现西高东低的特征。（3）安徽省乡村“三生”功能耦合协调水平主要表现为基本协调,呈北低南高和片状分布的特征,区域间差异逐渐缩小,且空间正相关关系增强,低值聚集区由皖中向皖北地区转移。[结论]目前安徽省乡村“三生”功能整体水平较低,耦合协调度有待提高,未来需进一步提高乡村“三生”功能以支撑乡村转型和振兴发展。     

武汉都市圈乡村地域系统结构与功能演变及耦合优化

研究目的：基于“人—地—域”与“三生空间”视角,分析2010—2020年武汉都市圈乡村地域系统结构与功能的时空演变特征,系统探讨结构与功能的耦合关系及其优化路径。研究方法：指标评价法和弹性系数模型。研究结果：（1）武汉都市圈乡村地域系统结构与功能指数空间格局相对稳定,2010—2020年结构与功能指数整体呈现波动上升趋势。（2）根据结构与功能指数变化及弹性系数的组合特征,将武汉都市圈乡村地域划分为6种类型。（3）协调增长区应找准特色发展主轴,巩固脱贫攻坚成果;双减区应变被动虹吸为主动承接,依托特色引领产业发展;结构滞后增长区和结构减—功能增反向区应借助区位优势打造品牌,实现转型发展;功能滞后增长区和结构增—功能减反向区应推动农村农业现代化,改善农村人居环境。研究结论：乡村地域系统结构与功能存在显著的阶段性和分异性耦合特征,通过制定针对性分区优化策略,促进乡村地域系统结构与功能的协调发展。     

湖北省乡村地域功能评价与转向特征分析

研究目的：乡村地域是具有一定结构、功能和区际联系的地域复合系统,有效识别乡村地域功能及其发展类型,是优化区域资源配置、分类推进乡村振兴的前提。研究方法：运用多因素综合评价法、三角图分析法探讨湖北省乡村地域功能的时空差异与转向特征。研究结果：（1）湖北省乡村生产功能逐渐弱化,其空间布局与地形水文具有较高的一致性;（2）乡村生活功能空间异质性不显著,呈现出典型的“中心—外围”分布模式;（3）乡村生态功能普遍低于乡村生产功能和生活功能,总体呈现出“依山傍水,带状串联”的分布特征;（4）湖北省共有4类乡村地域功能类型区,整体空间分布格局相对稳定,但区域内部功能转向存在明显的强度差异和空间异质性,在数量上以综合功能区减少为主。研究结论：研究有助于把握乡村地域功能内在关系与转向规律,为促进区域乡村多功能协调发展提供决策思考。     

中越边境地区国土空间功能时空演变与耦合协调

研究目的：明晰城镇、农业和生态功能的耦合协调关系,为缓解中越边境地区国土空间功能冲突提供依据。研究方法：理论推演,加权求和、耦合协调度模型。研究结果：（1）2000—2018年,中越边境地区由生态功能主导、城镇功能拉动、农业功能抬升的国土空间综合功能呈上升态势,国土空间功能由“低水平高差距”的互竞阶段走向“高水平低差距”的优化提升阶段,自东（广西段）向西（云南段）过渡表现为递减的阶梯式变化过程,城镇功能和农业功能较高值区主要位于贸易口岸集中的东南部,生态功能以较高值区为主;（2）国土空间功能由勉强协调向中级协调转型发展,广西段的耦合协调度高于云南段,耦合协调等级空间分布差异与国土空间综合功能格局吻合;（3）边境贸易水平、社会保障能力和自然环境条件等因素综合影响国土空间功能协调发展。研究结论：提高生态环境质量、边境贸易活力、边民生活水平和制定差异化的国土空间用途管制措施,是提升中越边境地区国土空间功能及其协调发展程度的重要路径。     

都市圈“三生”功能空间关联网络特征与形成机制分析 ——以杭州都市圈为例

研究目的：以杭州都市圈为例,探究都市圈国土空间“三生”功能空间关联网络特征及其形成机制,为促进区域国土空间功能协同提升、完善国土空间开发保护策略提供参考依据。研究方法：综合评价法、社会网络分析法、QAP回归模型。研究结果：（1）2000—2020年杭州都市圈生产功能呈现先升后降的态势,生活功能快速提升,生态功能稳中有降;生产和生态功能的空间分异特征显著,生活功能表现出日益均衡的空间分布特征。（2）研究期内,杭州都市圈生活功能网络密度持续提升,生产功能网络密度先升后降,生态功能网络密度保持稳定,在空间上形成了以杭州和绍兴主城区为核心节点的复杂、稳定的网络结构形态。（3）地理空间邻近性对“三生”功能空间关联网络的形成均产生正向影响,耕地和林地资源禀赋差异、经济发展水平差距、产业结构差异、固定资产投资差异等因素在不同程度上对“三生”功能空间关联网络的形成产生显著影响。研究结论：应以网络化思维促进都市圈“三生”功能协同提升,依托一体化建设统筹资源优化配置,并通过因地制宜、优势互补促进区域空间协调发展。     

基于“三生”功能的喀斯特山区农村居民点整治 类型划分——以七星关区为例

研究目的：依据农村居民点及其“三生”功能空间分布特征,科学划分农村居民点不同整治类型区,为乡村人居环境整治与振兴提供依据。研究方法：从生活功能、生产功能、生态功能3个维度构建农村居民点整治类型划分指标体系,借助核密度分析、Moran’s I指数、热点分析厘清农村居民点及其“三生”功能空间分布特征,运用SOFM神经网络方法实现农村居民点整治类型划分。研究结果：（1）七星关区农村居民点空间分异特征显著,总体呈“大散居、小聚居”特征;（2）七星关区农村居民点生活功能、生产功能、生态功能空间集聚特征存在显著正相关关系,空间分异分别呈现“圈层式”、“阶梯式”和“分散+连片不规则”特征;（3）七星关区农村居民点划分为城镇融合型、城郊引导型、功能强化型、功能转化型4个整治类型,并依据功能导向提出不同整治策略。研究结论：乡村整治应综合考虑农村居民点的生活、生产、生态功能特征,分类促进喀斯特山区乡村健康发展。     

城乡建设用地转型与乡村转型协调发展评价及障碍因子诊断

[目的]开展土地利用转型与乡村转型发展的耦合研究有利于促进两者协调发展,并为制定乡村振兴战略提供科学依据。[方法]文章运用综合评价模型和耦合协调度模型对太谷区的城乡建设用地转型与乡村转型协调发展关系及变化趋势进行分析,并运用障碍度模型剖析了影响其两系统协调发展的障碍因子。[结果]（1）太谷区城乡建设用地转型和乡村转型发展指数在时间上呈上升趋势,空间上呈西高东低分布;平川区的城乡建设用地转型和乡村转型发展水平整体优于山地区。（2）不同耦合作用系数的取值,对城乡建设用地转与乡村转型发展的耦合协调关系的影响十分有限。2010年以来,太谷区城乡建设用地转型与乡村转型的协调发展水平呈逐年上升趋势,空间上表现为逐渐由明星镇向周边乡镇圈层蔓延式提高。平川区的耦合协调水平优于山地区。（3） 2010—2018年影响太谷区城乡建设用地转型与乡村转型协调发展的障碍因子经历了2个阶段：第1阶段（2010—2016年）以乡村转型发展的影响为主,第2阶段（2017—2018年）以城乡建设用地转型的影响为主。影响平川区城乡建设用地转型与乡村转型协调发展的障碍因子主要以城乡建设用地转型系统为主,山地区则以乡村转型系...     

京津冀地区乡村人地关系演化研究

研究目的：揭示京津冀地区乡村人地关系演化的时空过程及特征,提出协调乡村人地关系为导向的调控措施, 为科学认知乡村系统,推进实施乡村振兴战略提供决策参考。研究方法：利用空间热点分析、人地关系弹性系数模型 等方法揭示了京津冀地区乡村建设用地、耕地与乡村常住人口的时空耦合特征。研究结果：（1）2000 — 2018 年,京津 冀地区乡村常住人口经历了由增长至减少的过程,与此同时,耕地面积持续减少,以居民点用地为主的建设用地快速 扩张。（2）研究期内,京津冀地区乡村人地关系演化具有显著的空间集聚性与区域差异性特征。乡村“建设用地 — 人 口”的耦合关系由“人地同增”向“人减地增”转变,建设用地扩张由以工业与交通用地为主转向以居民点用地为主;“耕 地 — 人口”的耦合关系由“人增地减”转向“人地同减”。研究结论：2000 年以来,京津冀地区乡村人地关系不协调的 趋势凸显,影响到乡村系统的稳定性,制约了乡村地区可持续发展。调控措施包括科学划定城镇开发边界,着力保护 优质耕地资源,积极开展村庄土地整治,推进村镇化建设,保障欠发达地区建设用地指标供给,壮大县域综合实力,推 进城乡融合发展。     

基于“源-汇”理论的山区农村居民点“三生空间”优化研究——以井陉县为例

本研究根据农村居民点以及太行山区县域“三生空间”分布特征,基于“源-汇”理论和MCR模型,从生态源地扩张和生产源地扩张的角度,依据“三生”功能构建阻力面指标体系,计算最小累积阻力面差,实现县域“三生空间”的划分和农村居民点分类整治优化。结果表明：（1）基于“源-汇”理论的最小累积阻力模型在山区“三生空间”格局构建,农村居民点分类整治中具有相容性和可行性;（2）研究区以生态保护区和生态优化区为主,生态空间占比59.5%,以生态功能为主,农村居民点分布中生产功能占比62.7%,以生产功能导向为主,因此,乡村整治要根据农村居民所处的主导功能分类整治;（3）乡村整治应综合考虑农村居民点的生活、生产、生态功能特征,分类促进山区乡村振兴和生态文明建设。     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.     

Evaluating Alternative Policy Responses to Higher World Food Prices: The Case of Increasing Rice Prices in Madagascar

Higher world food prices have led many developing countries to adopt policies to mitigate the impact on low-income households. This article sets out a partial equilibrium framework to evaluate the efficiency, distributional, and revenue implications of alternative policy responses. The model is applied to evaluate tariff reductions and targeted transfers in Madagascar. Although lowering tariffs generates substantial efficiency gains, these accrue mainly to the top half of the welfare distribution, and poor net sellers are actually worse off. Developing a system of targeted direct transfers to poor households is likely to be a substantially more cost-effective approach to poverty alleviation.     

Transaction Cost Thresholds in International Rice Markets

Recent episodes of high and volatile prices for grains such as rice have raised concerns about their implications for hunger and poverty. We model price relationships between international rice prices and 221 domestic prices in 47 developing countries that import rice. We use a threshold vector error correction model that accounts for transaction costs of trade in spatial price transmission, and an improved regularised Bayesian threshold estimator for threshold models. Our results show that threshold values are higher after 2008 than before, which suggests that transaction costs in international rice trade have increased in recent years. Threshold values are highest for Latin American countries followed by African and Asian countries, and higher for retail than for wholesale prices. Since 2008, price transmission is slower in countries that responded to high and volatile prices with domestic market‐based interventions such as price controls and faster in countries that responded by lowering tariffs and by implementing production support measures.