Repertory grid analysis: an application to the measurement of destination images

The objective of this paper is to demonstrate and evaluate the use of repertory grid analysis (RGA) in the context of a study of destination brand images. The study explored the components of destination brand image from a business tourism perspective. RGA was used to identify the constructs used by events managers in a sample of 25 UK organisations to characterise the brand images of 15 UK towns and cities. The study identified eight categories of brand image attribute. Factor analysis reduced these to three higher level dimensions, an overall destination attractiveness dimension and two sub‐dimensions: functionality and ambience. The paper concludes with a discussion of the benefits and limitations of RGA as a technique for measuring destination brand images and argues that it offers significant advantages over alternative techniques with regard to image measurement. Copyright © 2004 Henry Stewart Publications     

Determinants of the Choice of Migration Destination*

This paper examines migrants’ choice of destination conditional on migration. The study uses data from two rounds of Nepal Living Standard Surveys and a Population Census and examine how the choice of a migration destination is influenced by various covariates, including income differentials across possible destinations. We find that migrants move primarily to nearby, high population density areas where many people share their language and ethnic background. Better access to amenities is significant as well. Differentials in average income across destination districts are significant in univariate comparisons but not once we control for other covariates. Differentials in consumption expenditures are statistically significant but smaller in magnitude than other determinants. It is differentials in absolute, not relative, consumption between destination districts that are correlated with the destination of work migrants. Except for the latter, results are robust to different specifications and datasets.     

旅游目的地营销中政府功能的研究

旅游目的地营销是当前营销实践和理论研究的热点领域,而旅游目的地营销中政府的功能是该领域理论研究中争论的焦点。以博弈论为基础,分析了旅游目的地营销过程中经常出现的问题,并结合实例研究得出了政府在不同类型旅游目的地的营销中应发挥的功能。     

旅游目的地影视意象的衍变与旅游发展契合研究——以山西乔家大院为例

以旅游目的地意象为切入点进行旅游产品开发和营销的研究在学术界已非常普遍。随着旅游者经验的不断积累及各类信息获取、整理、加工,作为新兴意象之一的关于旅游目的地的旅游影视意象更成为一个不断发展、动态修正的研究内容而被重视。本文借助于乔家大院游客问卷调查,从影视体验、验证角度探寻旅游者影视意象是一个自发衍变的过程,表现结果为推动影视旅游活动的实现和发展,同时能够为景区构建、跟踪、宣传影视旅游意象提供借鉴。     

条件固定效应回归的活动目的地选择模型——一个案例研究

本文以城市居民出行目的地选择为研究对象,建立条件固定效应回归（C—Logit）目的地选择模型。结合我国某城市交通小区城市居民日出行数据对模型进行标定求解,并描述目的地选择预测流程,解释了影响居民出行目的地选择的诸多因素。对预测结果进行分析,得到较高的目的地选择预测精度,为从非集计层面研究城市居民出行目的地选择提供了新的思路。     

影响都市旅游目的地形象感知多维度实证研究——以天津为例

本文借鉴了Charlotte M.Echtner与J.R.Brent Ritchie的研究成果,提出适用于都市旅游目的地形象感知模型并进行实证研究。本文使用结构法与非结构法相结合,定性与定量并用。基于因子分析,本文寻找出游人对都市旅游目的地形象感知不同维度的重要性排序,同时探求人口统计变量对目的地形象感知的影响,并结合IPA分析法,针对都市旅游目的地形象的改善提出相应措施。     

南昌城市旅游映象研究

旅游目的地映象与形象是两个既有联系又有区别的概念,通过对旅游者进行封闭式与开放式的问卷调查,获取旅游者对南昌的旅游感知映象,总结分析了南昌的旅游映象特征,并提出了一些塑造南昌城市旅游形象的建议.     

桂林旅游目的地品牌延伸的探讨及策略研究

品牌延伸是旅游目的地可持续发展的关键因素,甚至是各个旅游目的地间相互竞争的最高境界。桂林旅游目的地品牌的深度挖掘、旅游品牌的创新依然还停留在一个较低的层面上。桂林旅游目的地应通过实施旅游品牌的产品创新、旅游品牌的促销创新和旅游品牌联合等策略,提高桂林旅游目的地的品牌建设,促进桂林旅游目的地的和谐发展。     

论节庆旅游对海南国际旅游岛建设的影响及其发展

从发展节庆旅游对海南国际旅游岛的影响看,节庆旅游是使海南国际旅游岛建设彰显"地方性"、"特色化"的有效手段;是海南走向开放、走向国际的载体;是推动海南地区经济,尤其是旅游经济发展的重要动力;是塑造地区形象的最佳时空组合;是促进旅游基础设施完善的助力器.近年来.海南借助节庆旅游在推动地区经济发展、扩大旅游地影响、解决就业和促进改革开放方面,取得了显著成效.但是,存在的问题也不容忽视,如政府行为严重,市场运作乏力;社会参与程度低;节庆与旅游未形成良好互动等.因此必须采取下列措施予以解决:认真规划,精心策划;政府引导,企业办节,全民参与;长期培育,市场运作;充实文化内涵,彰显地方特色;重视国际形象,打造世界名牌;突出主题,加强创新.     

Incorporating Transportation Network Structure in Spatial Econometric Models of Commodity Flows

Abstract

We use a spatial econometric extension of the traditional regression-based gravity model to model commodity flows, focusing on a formal methodology for incorporating information regarding the highway network into the spatial connectivity structure of the spatial autoregressive econometric model. We show that our simple approach to incorporating this information in the model produces improved model fit and higher likelihood function values. Empirical estimates of the relative importance of the different types of origin–destination connectivity between regions indicates that the strongest spatial autoregressive effects arise when both origin and destination regions have neighbouring regions located on the highway network.     

Toward a more complete understanding of offshoring: bringing employees into the conversation

The rapid increase in the practice of offshoring over the past decade has generated considerable debate about the consequences of this trend for the economy and for labor. A burgeoning literature examines a variety of issues related to offshoring; however, the majority have focused primarily on macro-level issues such as why organizations decide to offshore or why some ventures succeed and some fail. Very little research has examined the impact of exporting work on the attitudes and behaviors of employees in the destination country who are performing the work. We seek to address this gap in the literature by identifying the distinguishing characteristics of the offshore work environment and developing a theoretical framework for understanding destination workers' experiences and responses in this environment. Drawing on social identity theory and related research, we develop a multilevel model for explaining the antecedents and consequences of the identity conflicts that often arise among destination workers employed in voice-based service work.     

A micro-econometric analysis of vacation behaviour

We present a micro-econometric limited dependent variable model, which simultaneously explains the decision whether to go on vacation or not, the choice of destination and the decision on the level of the vacation expenditures. The model has been estimated on the basis of a cross-section of Dutch households; we find a striking difference in income elasticity between domestic vacations and vacations abroad, and a large impact of owning certain durables (such as a boat) on the choice of destination. To illustrate the potential of the model, some simulations are performed.     

How are social origin,destination and mobility linked to physical,mental, and self-rated health? Evidence from the United States

Quality & Quantity - For decades, scholars have been exploring persistent inequalities in health by studying the roles of origin and destination socioeconomic positions (SEP), and the...     

天津旅游目的地网络营销系统存在的问题及发展对策分析

本文从旅游目的地营销的基本概念入手,对天津旅游目的地营销系统的发展现状进行深入分析,得出天津旅游目的地营销系统的建设还存在一定问题,如整体规模小,网站结构单一等;针对这些问题,结合天津旅游业及旅游目的地发展的实际情况,提出天津旅游目的地营销系统的发展对策。     

Reconsidering Import Dependency in Turkey: The Breakdown of Sectoral Demands with Respect to Suppliers

The common practice for finding direct and indirect import requirements in response to domestic final demand changes involves multiplication of the direct imports coefficients matrix by the Leontief inverse matrix of domestic coefficients. The outcome is usually referred to as the import dependency matrix, a typical element of which gives intermediate import demand, induced by the domestic final demand (policy) sector (column), from the foreign (origin) sector (row). We propose an alternative methodology to capture all three dimensions of import dependency, i.e. origin, destination and policy. The information content of the import dependency matrix is expanded by information on domestic sectors (destination) which demand intermediate imports. Calculations reveal some interesting features of import dependency in Turkey, namely that policy sectors mostly coincide with destination sectors, that oil refinery emerges as a leading destination sector for all, and that raw petroleum is a leading origin sector.     

The limits of branding: the World Trade Center,fiscal crisis and the marketing of recovery

This article investigates the branding of New York's World Trade Center, and the city itself, as both financial center and entertainment destination between the 1960s and 1990s. After addressing the symbolic as well as material damage caused by the terrorist attacks of September 11th, the article traces the history behind the towers' design and ultimate use in marketing. It first examines the early motivations behind the project, and the forces leading to its controversial construction in the 1960s–70s. Then, in the wake of the city's 1975 fiscal crisis, the Twin Towers and Downtown skyline were branded through campaigns like ‘I ? NY’ to represent a resurgent, global New York. With the recession of 1989–92, and the scaling back of public‐sector marketing, this new brand was used by a host of private‐sector media and marketing firms then establishing global headquarters in New York. In the current period, the site of the towers, and the city as a whole, are being ‘re‐branded’ as a patriotic destination. Building on content analysis and archival research, the article critically analyzes how such marketing became central to New York City's overall economic development strategy. Cet article étudie la stratégie de marque qui a étiqueté le World Trade Center de New York et la ville elle‐mäme, en tant que centre financier et destination de loisirs des années 1960 à 1990. Après avoir traité les préjudices symboliques et matériels liés aux attaques terroristes du 11 septembre, l'article retrace l'histoire de la conception des tours et leur exträme utilisation en marketing. Il examine d'abord les premières motivations du projet et les forces qui ont conduità sa construction controversée dans les années 1960–70. Suite à la crise fiscale de la ville en 1975, les Tours jumelles et la silhouette des immeubles du centre ont ensuite été choisies dans le cadre de campagnes comme ‘I ? NY’ (J'aime New York) afin de représenter un New York ressuscité et mondialisé. Après la récession de 1989–92, et la réduction du marketing public, cette nouvelle ‘étiquette’ a servi à une foule d'entreprises privées de médias et marketing qui ont alors installé leur siège international à New York. Actuellement, le site des tours, et la ville dans son ensemble, sont en train d'ätre ‘ré‐étiquetés’ comme destination patriotique. A partir d'une analyse de contenu et de recherches d'archives, l'article scrute la façon dont ce marketing est devenu essentiel à la stratégie de développement économique globale de la ville de New York.     

慢城旅游吸引力系统的内涵与构建

在慢城旅游目的地建设成为国际旅游业发展新热点的背景下,基于美学视角,秉持人与城市和谐相处的基本理念,通过对我国目前唯一慢城——南京高淳桠溪镇的实证调研,可以建构起由自然生态美、城市文化美和社会生活美构成的慢城旅游吸引力系统,并在此基础上从美化自然环境、美化城市文化以及美化社会生活三个方面提出有针对性的慢城旅游目的地发展策略,为目的地城市探寻一条发挥自身特色,建立比较性差异的新的旅游发展之路提供理论与实践支持。     

The systemic variables and elasticities in Alonso's general,theory of movement

This paper explores the theoretical underpinnings of interregional movement models generalized by William Alonso focusing on the systemic effects of origin supply conditions and destination demand conditions. It is found that although Alonso's theory is logically consistent in terms of regional aggregation and interregional migration accounts, in practice the elasticity estimation of the systemic variables is problematic. Unless the affinity term is broadly defined, the trends in the ratio of interregional to intraregional affinities, cast suspicion on the family of spatial interaction models because of the inseparability of distance from origin and destination characteristics, and spatial autocorrelation problem.     

Congestion in a city with a central bottleneck

We consider dynamic congestion in an urban setting where trip origins are spatially distributed. All travelers must pass through a downtown bottleneck in order to reach their destination in the CBD. Each traveler chooses departure time to maximize general concave scheduling utility. We find that, at equilibrium, travelers sort according to their distance to the destination; the queue is always unimodal regardless of the spatial distribution of trip origins. We construct a welfare maximizing tolling regime, which eliminates congestion. All travelers located beyond a critical distance from the CBD gain from tolling, even when toll revenues are not redistributed, while nearby travelers lose. We discuss our results in the context of acceptability of tolling policies.     

山岳型旅游地背包客旅游动机研究——以陕西秦岭地区为例

文章以西安周边户外俱乐部会员为主要调查对象,对其到陕西秦岭地区进行背包旅游的14项旅游动机进行了问卷调查,运用SPSS17.0统计软件,通过因子分析将该地区背包客的旅游动机划分为以下4类,即交流与求新型、文化与探索型、从众型、健康与放松型,在进一步分析后,得出山岳型旅游地背包客的主要旅游动机为文化与探索型、健康与放松型。同时对背包客性别、收入水平等人口学特征与旅游动机之间的差异进行了分析。