非正式环境规制能否推动工业企业研发

当面对环境治理与工业发展这一难题时,非正式环境规制给出了新解决路径。利用2007-2016年中国内地30个省市面板数据,在区分研发投入与研发成果的基础上,采用门槛面板模型研究非正式环境规制与工业企业研发间的非线性关系。结果表明,非正式环境规制对工业企业研发投入和研发成果的单一门槛效应成立。此外,非正式环境规制对于研发投入和研发成果的作用还受工业企业现金流和经营效率的影响。研究非正式环境规制对研发投入的影响发现,现金流存在单一门槛,经营效率则存在双重门槛;研究非正式环境规制对研发成果的影响发现,现金流和经营效率均存在单一门槛。     

环境规制与污染避难所效应*——基于中国省际数据的面板门槛回归分析

本文在扩展环境库兹涅茨曲线（EKC）方程的基础上,利用2000—2013年间中国30个省、自治区和直辖市的工业废水、工业二氧化硫、工业烟（粉）尘排放量构建环境污染强度、环境规制强度指标,采用面板门槛回归方法,分析环境规制强度对中国各地区环境污染强度的影响以及环境污染避难所假说在中国各地区是否存在。环境规制强度为门槛变量的实证结果表明加强环境规制强度能够显著地降低环境污染强度,中国的外商直接投资和出口贸易所存在的污染避难所效应除了与不同的污染排放物有关以外,还与实行不同环境规制强度的地区有关,且这两者之间并不存在单一的一致关系。本文还发现中国各地区人均GDP与环境污染之间存在U型关系,虽然目前仍有部分地区的环境污染强度会随地区人均GDP水平的提高而降低,但多数地区处于拐点右侧,因此对环境污染物的强化治理依旧刻不容缓。     

环境规制对中国制造业结构优化的影响

采用2005-2016年中国内地30个省市面板数据,综合运用系统GMM模型和固定效应模型,探讨正式、非正式环境规制对制造业结构优化的影响。从直接影响看,正式环境规制能促进制造业结构高级化但未促进合理化,而非正式环境规制对制造业结构合理化和高级化均产生促进作用。进一步以技术创新为中介变量的分析发现,两种环境规制均能通过技术创新的中介效应对制造业结构合理化和高级化产生正向影响,但对制造业结构高级化的影响存在区域差异性：正式环境规制对东部地区制造业结构高级化产生显著正向影响,对中部、东北地区无显著影响,对西部地区产生显著负向影响;非正式环境规制对中部、西部地区制造业结构高级化产生显著正向影响,对东部、东北地区无显著影响。最后,基于实证结果,从两种环境规制互补、环境规制与技术创新互动、区域差异化环境规制等角度,就如何实施环境规制、倒逼制造业结构优化提出若干建议。     

Environmental regulations and innovation activity in UK manufacturing industries

We examine the relationship between environmental regulations and innovation, using data from UK manufacturing industry during 2000-2006. We estimate a dynamic model of innovation behaviour, and explicitly account for the likely endogeneity of our measure of the stringency of environmental regulations (pollution abatement costs). Our results indicate that while on the one hand environmental R&D and investment in environmental capital are stimulated by greater pollution abatement pressures, on the other hand there is not a positive impact of environmental regulation on total R&D or total capital accumulation. We find some evidence that this is because more stringent environmental regulations directly lower the optimal expenditure on non-environmental innovations. In addition, we find that environmental R&D may crowd out non-environmental R&D, although there is no evidence that environmental capital crowds out non-environmental capital.     

创新价值链视角下环境规制对技术创新效率的影响——以黄河流域为例

基于创新价值链视角,将技术创新效率分为科技研发效率和成果转化效率两阶段,采用2005—2018年黄河流域73个城市面板数据进行回归检验,引入技术密度作为门槛变量,探究环境规制对两阶段技术创新效率的区域异质性影响。结果表明：①黄河流域及中下游地区的环境规制与科技研发效率呈倒“U”型关系,上游地区环境规制与科技研发效率呈“U”型关系;②黄河流域及中下游地区环境规制对成果转化效率影响不显著,上游地区的成果转化率随着环境规制水平提升呈倒“U”型变化趋势;③黄河流域和下游地区的环境规制与科技研发效率存在技术密度双重门槛效应,其中,中游地区通过单一门槛检验,上游地区未通过门槛检验,而黄河流域和上游地区的环境规制与成果转化效率存在技术密度单一门槛效应,其中,中下游地区未通过门槛检验。     

环境规制对碳效率的多重路径及门槛模型研究

从结构升级及效率提升两大维度刻画环境规制对碳排放效率的关系及作用机制，研究环境规制是如何提升城市碳排放效率的。基于2006—2019年中国279个城市层面数据，采用非参数百分位自抽法，逐步回归法、Sobel检验和交互调节模型验证影响路径，并利用门槛模型探讨不同路径下环境规制的调节作用。结果表明：(1)环境规制促进城市碳排放效率提升，但存在区域异质性；(2)环境规制通过促进产业结构高度化、绿色技术创新和能源效率升级提高碳排放效率，产业结构合理化及产业集聚“遮掩”了环境规制的激励作用；(3)环境规制对提升碳排放效率存在多种门槛效应和调节机制。发挥环境规制对碳排放效率结构和效率的双重激励时，需注意不同路径的维度问题，以提高准度，把握力度。     

Assessing the Impact of Formal and Informal Regulations on Environmental and Economic Performance of Brazilian Manufacturing Firms

This study investigates the impact of formal and informal regulations on environmental and economic performance of Brazilian manufacturing firms. We adopt a dual approach where production technology is represented by a cost function, approximated by a translog form. Pollution is considered as a negative by-product that can be modified trough using either formal regulation (inspections or sanctions) or informal regulation (community pressure). A simultaneous equation model is estimated by three-stage least squares on a sample of 404 industrial establishments located in the state of S?o Paulo, Brazil. We show that pollution abatement costs for the Brazilian manufacturing sector are different from zero which suggests that pollution emissions are affected by environmental regulation. We also demonstrate that environmental performance of firms is jointly affected by formal and informal regulation. Lastly, formal regulation is largely influenced by informal regulation and more specifically by community pressure.     

环境规制、能源要素价格与绿色创新效率 ——以长江经济带为例

以“共抓大保护、不搞大开发”为导向推动长江经济带发展,需掌握不同环境规制类型与能源要素价格对长江经济带绿色创新的影响。本文运用面板门槛回归模型聚焦讨论能源要素价格与不同环境规制类型对长江经济带绿色创新效率的影响。研究结果表明:命令控制型环境规制和市场激励型环境规制显著抑制了长江经济带绿色创新效率,不支持“波特假说”;自愿型环境规制显著提高了长江经济带绿色创新效率,验证了“波特假说”。环境规制对长江经济带绿色创新存在显著的空间异质性,且在能源要素价格的不同区间下环境规制带来的影响具有明显差异。不同环境规制下的能源要素价格指标函数均不一致,但存在交叉区间,而在主要环境规制类型下能源要素价格对长江经济带绿色创新效率的影响显著为负。控制变量的研究表明,产业结构和产业规模均在一定程度上显著地积极影响长江经济带绿色创新效率,而社会购买力在一定程度削减了长江经济带绿色创新效率。因此,政府需要进一步深化能源价格市场化改革,多角度、差异化实施环境规制行为,共同发挥社会团体对绿色创新的影响。     

Environmental regulation and the productivity of Japanese manufacturing industries

This paper attempts to provide empirical evidence on issues concerning: (a) the effect of the stringency of environmental regulations (as measured by pollution control expenditures) on innovative activity (as measured by R&D expenditures) and on the average age of capital stock and (b) the productivity enhancement effect of environmental regulations in Japanese manufacturing industries. The empirical findings in the paper show that the pollution control expenditures have a positive relationship with the R&D expenditures and have a negative relationship with the average age of capital stock. It is also shown that increases in R&D investment stimulated by the regulatory stringency have a significant positive effect on the growth rate of total factor productivity.     

欧盟玩具业环境规制对我国玩具出口的绿色壁垒效应-基于我国四类玩具出口欧盟十国的面板数据分析:1990-2006

本文采用引力模型,对我国玩偶、玩具动物、玩具乐器、其他玩具等四类玩具1990年至2006年向欧盟十国的年度出口值进行面板数据分析,合并考察欧盟玩具业有关传统玩具的一揽子环境规制措施对我国玩具出口是否产生壁垒效应。本文拓展测度环境规制严度变量的赋值法,按规制措施对玩具出口影响的强弱对环境规制严度变量赋予不同的增加幅度,在时间序列数据中对先后实施多项不同种类的环境规制措施如何进行计量分析的问题取得突破。结果显示:欧盟玩具业有关传统玩具的一揽子环境规制措施对我国四类玩具的出口已构成绿色贸易壁垒。这一结果为欧盟环境规制构成绿色壁垒的论断提供了经验分析的证据。     

异质性环境规制、清洁型技术结构与区域工业环境效率提升

构建并演绎异质性环境规制、清洁型技术结构与工业环境效率之间的作用机制,测算我国及各省份清洁、非清洁技术效率和工业环境效率,实证检验不同类型环境规制通过清洁型技术结构对工业环境效率形成的直接效应、中介效应和门限效应。研究发现:各地区清洁、非清洁技术效率和工业环境效率一直呈上升趋势,且东部均高于中、西部地区。惩罚性环境规制和奖励性环境规制对工业环境效率的直接效应具有显著的正向影响,前者明显大于后者,但前者的作用力度逐渐减弱,后者的作用力度逐渐增强。二者均存在可持续两期的部分中介效应。惩罚性和奖励性环境规制分别呈现双重和三重门限效应,大部分省份的环境规制已突破U型门槛下限,正向作用于工业环境效率。     

The relationship between pollution abatement costs and environmental regulation: Evidence from the Chinese industrial sector

Since the 2000s, China has been trying to strengthen emission controls in response to increasing pollution problems. However, strict implementation of emission controls generates pollution abatement costs. Using regional data for 29 provinces in the Chinese industrial sector from 1995 to 2010, this study estimated the pollution abatement costs for each province through the measurement of environmental efficiency, by applying a directional distance function approach. Moreover, using panel data analysis, this study clarified whether there is a nonlinear relationship between pollution abatement costs and environmental regulations. The empirical results are as follows. The study confirmed that the burden of abatement costs tended not only to occur in the central and western regions but also to increase in the eastern region. Moreover, the nonlinear relationship is inverted U‐shaped; thus, pollution abatement costs increase, as a negative effect of environmental regulations, until a certain inflection point, after which they decrease.     

Environmental Regulation Induced Foreign Direct Investment

The last decade has witnessed a renewed interest in the relationship between environmental regulations and international capital flows. However, empirical studies have so far failed to find conclusive evidence for this so-called pollution haven or race to the bottom effect where foreign direct investment (FDI) is assumed to be attracted to low regulation countries, regions or states. In this paper we present a simple theoretical framework to demonstrate that greater stringency in environmental standards can lead to a strategic increase in capital inflows which we refer to as environmental regulation induced FDI. Our result reveals a possible explanation for the mixed results in the empirical literature and provides an illustration of the conditions under which environmental regulations in the host country can affect the location decision of foreign firms.     

政企合谋、环境规制与企业全要素生产率*

本文利用中国工业企业数据库和地级市层面的企业治污投资数据构建了一个2003—2007年的面板,实证检验了环境规制对企业全要素生产率的影响以及政企合谋在背后的作用。实证结果表明,用企业治污投资占工业增加值比重衡量的环境规制强度每上升1%,企业当期的生产率下降约1%。当政企合谋可能性上升时,环境规制对企业生产率的边际影响在减弱,说明政企合谋带来的监管放松和处罚不力弱化了环境规制对合谋企业生产率的影响。本文的政策启示在于中央政府应加强环保领域统一执法,破解囚徒困境式的环境规制。同时,本文的发现为环保机构监测监察执法垂直管理制度改革提供了合理性依据。     

中国环境规制的投入产出分析

环境规制的投入冗余和产出不足分析了环境规制低效率的单元在既定产出下,哪些投入可减少,以及减少的幅度或在既定投入下,哪些产出应该增加,以及增加的幅度。我国2000—2009年这十年期间以及2009年我国30个省市的环境规制效率有很大的变化。进行数据包络分析,可以看出我国环境规制中突出的问题是人员投入存在大量的浪费,而且在污染治理方面的工作效率不高,说明环境规制人员,尤其是从事污染治理方面工作的人员的工作能动性和积极性急需提高。     

先进制造业绿色技术创新效率及其环境规制门槛效应

利用非强制性幅度调整与随机前沿函数构建先进制造业绿色技术创新三阶段效率测度模型,引入经济水平、公众素质、政府扶持强度作为环境变量,基于全国内地30个省市2006-2016年先进制造业面板数据对其绿色技术创新效率进行测度,同时选取门槛计量模型解析正式、非正式环境规制的影响机理。结果表明,效率评估中规制因素与统计噪音可造成测度结果产生偏差,环境变量对投入与产出松弛存在差异性波动影响,而松弛变量调整前后可使多数地区绿色技术创新效率排名发生改变;在全国先进制造业绿色技术创新效率整体呈稳步提升态势下,总体效率依然偏低,而且在空间布局上形成“三大梯度”,具备显著的“都市联动效应”;正式与非正式环境规制对先进制造业绿色技术创新效率均存在单门槛值,但分别呈“U”型与倒“U”型关系,而资本密集度、行业利润率等对先进制造业绿色技术创新效率均呈显著正向推进作用。     

The spatial correlation and interaction between environmental regulation and foreign direct investment

This paper uses spatial simultaneous equation models to analyze the two-way mechanism between environmental regulation and foreign direct investment (FDI). The results, based on data from 285 cities in China from 2003 to 2014, show the following. (1) Not only does environmental regulation have a significant impact on the location choice of FDI, but FDI tends to flow to a city with more relaxed environmental regulation. Environmental regulation can also trigger the near transfer effect of FDI. (2) FDI has a significant spatial spillover effect and this spatial spillover effect has an important impact on FDI and environmental regulation in a particular city. (3) Although multinationals choose a city with more relaxed environmental regulations when they invest in China, FDI inflows have increased both the number and severity of local environmental regulations, indicating that the “pollution haven” hypothesis does not hold in China. (4) Environmental regulation has a significant spatial spillover effect, and this spatial spillover effect has an important impact on both environmental regulation and FDI in cities. In China, there is also a local competitive effect of environmental regulation, albeit with significant regional differences.     

环境规制工具与环境友好型技术创新：知识产权保护的双门槛效应

环境规制对技术创新的影响是当前学术界研究热点,已有大量基于“波特假说”的实证研究。然而，对于环境规制工具是否以及如何影响环境友好型技术创新，学术界尚未达成共识。而且，从理论上讲，“波特弱假说”涉及双重外部性问题，即技术创新的正外部性和环境污染的负外部性，需要环境规制和知识产权保护合力解决，而知识产权保护未引起普遍重视。采用中国内地30个省、市（区）2004－2019年面板数据，构建基于知识产权保护强度的动态门槛模型，实证检验知识产权保护在环境规制工具影响环境友好型技术创新中的作用机理。研究发现：3类环境规制工具对环境友好型技术创新的影响存在以知识产权保护强度为门槛的双重门槛效应。具体而言，市场激励型环境规制工具随着知识产权保护强度跨过第一门槛值呈现由负向抑制到正向促进的阶段性突变趋势；命令控制型环境规制工具随着知识产权保护强度跨过第二门槛值呈现由正向促进到负向抑制的阶段性突变趋势；公众参与型环境规制工具在知识产权保护强度介于两个门槛值之间时，对环境友好型技术创新的促进效应显著。     

Agglomeration Effects in Foreign Direct Investment and the Pollution Haven Hypothesis

Does environmental regulation impair international competitiveness of pollution-intensive industries to the extent that they relocate to countries with less stringent regulation, turning those countries into “pollution havens”? We test this hypothesis using panel data on outward foreign direct investment (FDI) flows of various industries in the German manufacturing sector and account for several econometric issues that have been ignored in previous studies. Most importantly, we demonstrate that externalities associated with FDI agglomeration can bias estimates away from finding a pollution haven effect if omitted from the analysis. We include the stock of inward FDI as a proxy for agglomeration and employ a GMM estimator to control for endogenous time-varying determinants of FDI flows. Furthermore, we propose a difference estimator based on the least polluting industry to break the possible correlation between environmental regulatory stringency and unobservable attributes of FDI recipients in the cross-section. When accounting for these issues we find robust evidence of a pollution haven effect for the chemical industry.     

Creating Markets for Air Pollution Control in Europe and the USA

This paper surveys recent efforts to relax the rigid regulatory frameworks for air pollution control in Europe and the USA. European policies have mainly taken the form of bubbles and compensation or offset schemes. Emission trading has been limited to intra-firm solutions for various reasons: industry structure, absence of real scarcity, and too restrictive trading rules. Bubbles have been granted to homogenous sectors only and can be characterized as direct regulation for a group rather than tradable permit systems. By contrast, the sulphur allowance program in the USA has laid down the foundation for a pollution permit market with few formal restrictions. Problems that arise are mainly related to local environmental and public utility controls. Europe can learn from the USA that regular national permit markets could be installed, preferably for homogenous sectors. In designing the permit system, the differences between the USA and Europe in terms of ecosystem sensitivity, stringency of regulation and differentiation of regional environmental policy have to be taken into account.