外商直接投资溢出效应产生中时间的作用

本文探究了时间在外资溢出效应产生中的作用及模仿壁垒的调节作用,并结合企业异质性理论分析了内外资企业异质性的影响。实证结果表明:(1)外资流入程度正向影响内资企业绩效,随着外资流入程度的增加该正向作用逐渐减弱;(2)快速进入的外资、较高的无形资产比重会增加内资企业的模仿壁垒,从而负向调节外资流入程度对内资企业绩效的正向作用;(3)短期内西方外资流入程度对国有以及非国有内资企业不利于内资企业绩效的提高,但是随着其流入程度的增加,正向溢出效应逐渐增强;(4)港澳台外资短期内可促进非国有内资企业绩效的提高,但是随着流入程度的增加促进作用逐渐减弱,而对国有内资企业绩效影响不明显。     

外商直接投资对中国企业创新的外溢效应研究：基于垂直联系的视角

利用世界银行对中国的企业调研数据,本文从垂直联系视角考察了FDI对中国企业创新的外溢效应。分析的结果表明,垂直联系有利于企业创新与技术溢出。并且,与水平溢出相比,垂直联系渠道发生的溢出更为显著。对垂直联系影响因素的分析表明,拥有外方合作伙伴、位于工业园或出口加工区、加入商业协会、企业拥有较高的国内市场份额、国内市场进口产品份额较高、受国外教育经理的人数比例越高,这些因素均有利于企业垂直联系的建立。然而,企业的出口倾向对前后向联系的作用相反。     

The Forewarning Effect of Critical Audit Matter Disclosures Involving Measurement Uncertainty*

We present experimental evidence suggesting that critical audit matter (CAM) disclosures in the auditor's report involving areas of high measurement uncertainty forewarn users of misstatement risk. Specifically, in our first study with MBA students, financial analysts, and attorneys, we find that CAMs (i) lower premisstatement assessments of confidence in the financial statement area disclosed as a CAM, and (ii) lower assessments of auditor responsibility for a subsequently revealed misstatement in a CAM-related area. In our second study with student participants proxying as mock jurors, we find that the responsibility-mitigating effect of CAM disclosure is driven by CAM disclosures involving measurement uncertainty, as opposed to CAM disclosures involving categorical determinations. Combined, our findings help reconcile mixed evidence from prior research, supporting the view that the forewarning effect of CAM disclosures involving measurement uncertainty could mitigate perceived auditor responsibility for CAM-related material misstatements.     

An Empirical Investigation of Audit Fees,Nonaudit Fees,and Audit Committees*

This study examines the association between audit committee characteristics and the ratio of nonaudit service (NAS) fees to audit fees, using data gathered under the Securities and Exchange Commission's (SEC's) fee disclosure rules. Issues related to NAS fees have been of concern to practitioners, regulators, and academics for a number of years. Prior research suggests that audit committees possessing certain characteristics are important participants in the process of managing the client‐auditor relationship. We hypothesize that audit committees that are independent and active financial monitors have incentives to limit NAS fees (relative to audit fees) paid to incumbent auditors, in an effort to enhance auditor independence in either appearance or fact. Our analysis using a sample of 538 firms indicates that audit committees comprised solely of independent directors meeting at least four times annually are significantly and negatively associated with the NAS fee ratio. This evidence is consistent with audit committee members perceiving a high level of NAS fees in a negative light and taking actions to decrease the NAS fee ratio.     

企业数字化转型对审计费用的影响——基于内部控制视角

数字化转型作为目前企业创新改革的关键突破点,必然会对企业的经营管理产生重要影响。基于2011—2021年沪深A股上市企业数据,研究数字化转型对审计费用的影响及其作用机制。研究发现,企业数字化转型程度与审计费用之间呈倒“U”形趋势。在此基础上,深入探索内部控制在二者关系中发挥的中介作用。进一步分析表明,企业数字化转型与审计费用之间的倒“U”形关系在非“四大”审计和制造业企业中效果更加显著,对企业开展数字化转型工作具有重大意义。     

Whistleblowing Allegations,Audit Fees,and Internal Control Deficiencies*

We investigate whether audit fees and auditors' opinions on internal controls are associated with whistleblowing allegations externally filed to regulatory agencies. We find that firms subject to whistleblowing allegations have significantly higher audit fees, regardless of the substance of these allegations, whereas an auditor is more likely to issue an adverse opinion on internal controls when the allegation is substantiated, rather than frivolous. Further, our findings suggest that auditors are involved in the auditing of whistleblowing when the allegation is still in an internal stage. We also show that firms subject to external whistleblowing allegations have a lower likelihood of restating financial statements prepared in the allegation year when greater audit effort is made in that year. Our study is among the first to demonstrate the role of auditors in the context of whistleblowing.     

Home Country Investor Protection,Ownership Structure and Cross‐Listed Firms' Compliance with SOX‐Mandated Internal Control Deficiency Disclosures

We examine whether home country investor protection and ownership structure affect cross‐listed firms' compliance with SOX‐mandated internal control deficiency (ICD) disclosures. We develop a proxy for the likelihood of cross‐listed firms' ICD misreporting during the Section 302 reporting regime. For cross‐listed firms domiciled in weak investor protection countries, we have three main findings. First, firms whose managers control their firms and have voting rights in excess of cash flow rights are more likely to misreport ICD than other firms during the Section 302 reporting regime. Second, there is a positive association between the likelihood of ICD misreporting and voluntary deregistration from the SEC prior to the Section 404 effective date. Third, for firms that chose not to deregister, there is a positive association between the likelihood of ICD misreporting and the reporting of previously undisclosed ICDs during the Section 404 reporting regime. We do not find similar evidence for cross‐listed firms domiciled in strong investor protection countries. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that, for cross‐listed firms domiciled in weak investor protection countries, managers who have the ability and incentive to expropriate outside minority shareholders are reluctant to disclose ICDs in order to protect their private control benefits. The results of our study should be of interest to regulators who wish to identify noncompliant firms for closer supervision, investors who wish to identify ex ante red flags for poor financial disclosure quality, and researchers who wish to understand the economic forces governing cross‐listed firms' financial disclosure behavior.     

The Loss of Information Associated with Binary Audit Reports: Evidence from Auditors' Internal Control and Going Concern Opinions

This study provides evidence that binary signals in audit reports are unable to fully communicate underlying risks that are inherently continuous in nature. Specifically, we find that companies whose audit reports signal an improvement in internal control effectiveness relative to the prior year are still more likely to subsequently restate the current year's financial statements than companies with no material weaknesses in either year. Similarly, companies deemed to no longer have substantial doubt of continuing as a going concern are still more likely to declare bankruptcy than companies with no going concern opinion in either year. Results in both settings suggest the presence of residual risk that cannot be communicated through a binary audit report, despite the fact that auditors recognize the risk, as evidenced by higher audit fees and longer audit report lags. Our findings are strongest when the reported improvement is more pronounced, and our results hold in matched samples. Our study provides empirical evidence that supports recent regulatory efforts to improve the content of the audit report and offers suggestions for future research.     

EVA薪酬机制与高管超额在职消费——基于内部控制的调节效应检验

在公司治理层面的制度系统中,内部控制处于一种更为基础性与主导性的地位。文章以中央企业实施EVA考核为背景,以2010-2020年为研究窗口,采用调节效应模型对内部控制是否影响EVA薪酬机制与高管超额在职消费的关系进行实证检验。研究发现,EVA薪酬机制对超额在职消费行为具有激励替代效应,且内部控制对二者的关系具有正向调节作用。进一步地,运用有中介的调节效应模型,发现这一调节作用主要是通过降低代理成本实现的;分组检验发现,EVA薪酬机制对超额在职消费的激励替代以及内部控制的调节作用在商业类企业、产权制度相对落后的地区以及2013版《考核办法》修订之后更为显著。文章从公司治理角度补充了业绩考核制度发挥约束功能有关影响因素方面的理论成果,对促进内控、考核、合规的融合提供一定的启示。     

Audit Committees,Boards, and the Quality of Reported Earnings*

I use data on 252 U.S. firms between 1994 and 2000 to study the relationship between audit committees and boards of directors with financial reporting quality. I initially document several changes in committee and board profile during the sample period. Results from logistic regressions suggest that measures of audit committee and board structure are related to earnings quality in a manner that is generally consistent with the predictions of agency theory. This study contributes to extant knowledge by employing different earnings quality measures from prior studies, and by expanding the range of audit committee attributes deemed important in determining audit committee performance.     

Audit Partner Tenure and Internal Control Reporting Quality: U.S. Evidence from the Not‐For‐Profit Sector

This study examines the effects of audit partner tenure and audit partner changes on internal control reporting quality for large U.S. not‐for‐profit (NFP) organizations. Regulators contend that audit partners lose their objectivity over successive audits, reducing audit quality. A large body of research has examined this issue, primarily in non‐U.S. jurisdictions, with mixed results. We examine the associations between audit partner tenure and audit partner changes and the incidence of reported internal control deficiencies (ICDs), the quality of internal control reports (following PCAOB audit quality indicators), and the severity of reported ICDs. We find negative associations between audit partner tenure and the incidence of reported ICDs, the quality of internal control reports, and the severity of reported ICDs. Together, these findings indicate that internal control reporting quality deteriorates with audit partner tenure. However, we find no association between audit partner changes and internal control reporting, which is consistent with partners lacking client specific knowledge in their first year with a client. Finally, we find no association between either audit partner tenure or changes and the likelihood of remediation. Our findings contribute large‐sample U.S. evidence on the association between audit partner tenure and internal control reporting quality and provide useful information to government regulators, NFP boards charged with the oversight of the external auditor and internal controls, and NFP stakeholders.     

FDI的内资企业溢出和市场选择效应分析——基于中国产业层面数据的检验

本文在Aitken and Harrison（1999）模型的基础上,同时定量检验我国的FDI溢出效应和市场选择效应。①结果显示：（1）我国FDI存在正的产业内溢出效应,但由于受其他产业FDI的抑制,FDI产业内溢出净效应有限;（2）FDI产业间溢出效应远大于产业内溢出净效应;（3）外资对我国内资企业市场选择效果显著,但这种作用小于FDI的溢出效应;（4）开放度越高的产业外资溢出效应和市场选择效应影响越显著。     

中国外商直接投资溢出效应区域比较

本文通过收集2000-2006年中国29个省市有关技术创新和FDI的面板数据,比较FDI在中国东、中、西部地区的技术外溢效应大小,并就区域溢出效应不同作了理论分析.最后,针对不同区域的FDI技术溢出问题,提出有效提高FDI技术溢出效应的政策建议.     

The Functional Diversity and Spillover Effects of Social Capital

Entrepreneurial networks are functionally diverse. They canbe used to access information about technologies and marketsor to reduce uncertainties. A network's function affects itsstructure and the nature of the relationship that exists betweennetworking effort and enterprise performance. Networks thatreduce uncertainty are small and cohesive. Here, the positiverelationship between co-networkers' efforts and own enterpriseperformance is cancelled out by a negative relationship betweenown networking effort and enterprise performance. In contrast,the strong positive relationship between own networking effortand enterprise performance within networks designed to provideaccess to information about technologies and markets dominatesthe negative relationship between co-networkers' efforts andown enterprise performance. This last relationship is consistentwith the existence of negative spillover effects in the secondtype of network.