Dynamic programming and mean-variance hedging with partial execution risk

In this paper I consider a hedging problem in an illiquid market where there is a risk that the hedger’s order to buy or sell the underlying asset may be executed only partially. In this setting, I find a mean-variance optimal hedging strategy by the dynamic programming method. The solution contains a new endogenous state variable representing the current position in the underlying. The exogenous coefficients in the solution are given by recursive formulas which can be calculated efficiently in Markov models. I illustrate effects of the partial execution risk in several examples.      

我国省级人大预、决算审查报告的分析

本文以17省(区、市)的预算监督审查条例、4省(区、市)6年24份预算执行情况和预算草案的审查结果报告、3省(市)15份决算草案的初步审查报告的文本作为评估对象,评估结果显示,党的十八大以来,各省份在预算审查监督的法律完善、监督机构的职能建设和能力提升、监督审查程序的规范和健全等方面,已取得了长足的发展.但总的来说,这些改革仍大多属于技术性、操作层面的改革,省级人大预算监督效力提升的成效仍然不大.人大及其常委会对预算审查监督仍只是程序性的,在预算周期的规划阶段和实施阶段所起的监督作用依然较弱.为加快人大预算监督从形式向实质转变,建议以地方试点推动预算监督实质性改革、以技术手段拓展预算监督的深度与广度、加强预算审查监督队伍建设,全面提升执行能力.     

日本民事诉讼法学的理论演变与解释方法论

解释方法论在日本民诉法研究中并不是显著的命题。长期以来,日本民诉法解释并不特别重视法律条文和立法者本意,解释方法论遵循的主要是利益衡量论,近年始有学者对它提出批判。日本民诉法解释方法论选择既源于民事诉讼法的目的被定位于纠纷解决,也与战后比较法研究中利益衡量论的引入有关。日本民诉法利益衡量论有别于民法中的利益衡量论,也有别于受德国法影响的亲实体法解释方法论,这种方法论并不局限于衡量或分配原被告之间的财产或价值,更多地蕴含了对作为制度利用者的当事人的便利、 制度运营者的公共利益、民事诉讼程序的动态发展等要素的考量。     

意思能力的体系定位与规范适用(上)

与大陆法上通行做法不同,我国《民法总则》对意思能力采全面抽象考察模式,理论上亦有\"全面抽象说\"支持。司法实践虽自发对意思能力进行个案考察,但因缺少明确的规范指引,实际在行为能力判断层面形成了\"意思能力/实施法律行为能力\"的二元化评价标准。\"全面抽象说\"对意思能力的功能与性质存在片面解读,其正当性亦难经推敲。行为能力仅能对意思能力做部分抽象,且此过程仍须借助对后者的具体考察。二元化评价标准混淆了行为能力判断中的因果关系,将对法体系的安定造成破坏。实证法体系中的意思能力应定位于行为能力、法律行为及成年监护三重维度。意思能力为类型概念,应以意思要素为其评价核心。在行为能力层面,经解释论区分《民法总则》第21条第1款和第22条中不同行为能力状态下意思能力的考察标准;在法律行为层面,经《民通意见》第67条将意思能力确定为法律行为的效力性要件,弱化行为能力对意思自治的绝对约束;在监护法层面,应综合意思要素的独立程度及精神能力的瑕疵状况,构建各行为能力类型项下具体的意思能力类型。     

意思能力的体系定位与规范适用（下）

与大陆法上通行做法不同,我国《民法总则》对意思能力采全面抽象考察模式,理论上亦有“全面抽象说”支持。司法实践虽自发对意思能力进行个案考察,但因缺少明确的规范指引,实际在行为能力判断层面形成了“意思能力/实施法律行为能力”的二元化评价标准。“全面抽象说”对意思能力的功能与性质存在片面解读,其正当性亦难经推敲。行为能力仅能对意思能力做部分抽象,且此过程仍须借助对后者的具体考察。二元化评价标准混淆了行为能力判断中的因果关系,将对法体系的安定造成破坏。实证法体系中的意思能力应定位于行为能力、法律行为及成年监护三重维度。意思能力为类型概念,应以意思要素为其评价核心。在行为能力层面,经解释论区分《民法总则》第21条第1款和第22条中不同行为能力状态下意思能力的考察标准;在法律行为层面,经《民通意见》第67条将意思能力确定为法律行为的效力性要件,弱化行为能力对意思自治的绝对约束;在监护法层面,应综合意思要素的独立程度及精神能力的瑕疵状况,构建各行为能力类型项下具体的意思能力类型。     

开放式创新模式下的技术创新能力研究

开放式创新模式描述了让各种创意流入企业和让各种创意流出企业的必要性.吸收能力和转化能力有利于公司将内部技术和外部技术整合起来,以形成更为复杂的技术组合,用来创造新系统和新架构.技术扩散能力有利于公司将研究成果出售给其他可以将其利用于自身的业务体系的公司,并从中获得额外收入和利润.因此,成功地实施开放式创新模式,要求企业增强吸收能力、转化能力和技术扩散能力.     

Internalisation by electronic FX spot dealers

Dealers in over-the-counter financial markets provide liquidity to customers on a principal basis and manage the risk position that arises out of this activity in one of two ways. They may internalise a customer's trade by warehousing the risk in anticipation of future offsetting flow, or they can externalise the trade by hedging it out in the open market. It is often argued that internalisation underlies much of the liquidity provision in the currency markets, particularly in the electronic spot segment, and that it can deliver significant benefits in terms of depth and consistency of liquidity, reduced spreads, and a diminished market footprint. However, for many market participants, the internalisation process can be somewhat opaque, data on it are scarcely available, and even the largest and most sophisticated customers in the market often do not appreciate or measure the impact that internalisation has on their execution costs and liquidity access. This paper formulates a simple model of internalisation and uses queuing theory to provide important insights into its mechanics and properties. We derive closed form expressions for the internalisation horizon and demonstrate—using data from the Bank of International Settlement's triennial FX survey—that a representative tier 1 dealer takes on average several minutes to complete the internalisation of a customer's trade in the most liquid currencies, increasing to tens of minutes for emerging markets. Next, we analyse the costs of internalisation and show that they are lower for dealers that are willing to hold more risk and for those that face more price-sensitive traders. The key message of the paper is that a customer's transaction costs and liquidity access are determined both by their own trading decisions as well as the dealer's risk management approach. A customer should not only identify the externalisers but also distinguish between passive and aggressive internalisers, and select those that provide liquidity compatible with their execution objectives.     

我国企业应对反倾销能力的测度方法研究

根据研究目标与研究问题的属性,结合文献类别分析结果与基于扎根理论指导下获取的数据支撑,研究了我国企业应对反倾销能力测度指标选取问题,构建了测度模型,并按照指标筛选方法确定了相应测度指标.然后,通过对指标权重确定与综合测度函数构建,具体阐述了测度指标运用原理,尝试性的对我国企业应对反倾销能力测度方法进行了研究.     

Asset Revaluations and Assessment of Borrowing Capacity

Prior research has found support for contracting, political cost and information asymmetry explanations for managements’ decision to revalue non-current assets. This study proposes that asset revaluations occur to signal available borrowing capacity via an increase in collateral values at the time of increases in secured debt and that the economic benefits associated with an asset revaluation will be greatest for firms when they are experiencing times of declining cash flows from operations. Results imply that firms that have undertaken an asset revaluation are more likely to be experiencing declining cash flows from operations than firms that have not revalued. This study also investigates whether the incidence of valuations coincides with increases in levels of secured borrowings due to lenders’ demands for current values of assets offered as collateral. The evidence indicates that firms are more likely to record an asset revaluation if they have increased their secured borrowings, and that most non-year-end revaluations emanate directly from contracting with lenders.     

破解中国制造业产能过剩的新路径:外资开放政策的视角

产能过剩已经成为困扰中国经济可持续增长的深层次难题,本文以中国2002年外资管制放松作为准自然实验,采用倍差法系统研究外资开放政策对制造业产能利用率的影响及传导机制。研究发现,外资开放有效提升了同行业内资企业的产能利用率,生产效率、出口扩张和对外直接投资是外资开放影响内资企业产能利用率的重要渠道。外资开放对民营企业、一般贸易企业、吸收能力强的企业以及沿海地区企业产能利用率的提升效应更大,并且地区制度环境增强了外资开放的产能利用率提升效应。此外,内资企业除了获得行业内外资进入的水平溢出效应之外,还分别从上游和下游行业的外资进入中获得正向的前向关联与后向关联效应,进而显著提升了自身的产能利用率。最后,本文还进一步考察了外资开放政策对制造业总体产能利用率的影响,发现外资开放通过资源再配置渠道显著促进了制造业总体产能利用率的增长,进一步检验显示,外资开放一方面促进了市场份额从落后产能企业向相对优势产能企业的再配置,另一方面促进了落后产能企业的淘汰,进而提高了资源再配置效率并促进制造业总体产能利用率的提升。本文从外资开放政策视角探究了产能过剩问题,对新常态下破解产能过剩困境、实现“去产能”政策目标具有一定启示意义。     

企业知识吸收能力对孵化企业绩效的影响研究

本文把企业知识吸收能力及其影响因素和孵化企业绩效融入到一个分析框架之中,提出了企业知识吸收能力的相关理论假设和概念模型.本文主要观点认为,企业知识吸收能力受到企业知识基础、企业研发投入、企业学习强度和方法、企业学习机制的影响,同时,企业知识吸收能力对孵化企业绩效具有促进作用.     

从扩张走向限缩:税收优先权在民事执行程序中的实现路径

不论是“先税后证”还是包税条款,从结果上都呈现出税收优先权在民事执行程序中扩张的趋势。税收优先权扩张所提升的执法效率不足以弥补民事交易秩序的减损。《税收征管法》和《民事诉讼法》都没有明确规定税收优先权在民事执行中的实现方式,导致司法实践中频频出现截然不同的裁定,严重影响了执行的效率和交易的可预期性。税收债权应当遵循债权受偿的逻辑,除满足税收债权公示的形式要件外,不享有优先权。民事执行程序中的新生税款不宜一概作为执行费用优先支付。从程序要件和实体要件上对税收优先权进行限缩,有助于平衡税收债权人和民事债权人之间的利益,保障交易安全,推动税收治理能力的提升。     

The causes of misapplied capacity related manufacturing costs and corresponding reporting implications: A conceptual perspective

To meet external financial reporting requirements, fixed (i.e., capacity related) manufacturing overhead costs are typically applied to inventory via the use of a predetermined overhead application rate. However, textbooks do not consider all appropriate conceptual issues regarding the setting of the overhead application rate nor how these issues influence the causes of misapplied capacity costs (under/over-applied fixed manufacturing overhead) typically reported as the Production Volume Variance. Specifically, discussion is lacking related to those misapplied capacity costs potentially caused variously by the presence of capacity that is not explicitly planned to be used, capacity that is currently unused but in the longer-term is planned to be used (due to anticipated growth), and capacity that is currently unused but in the shorter term is planned to be used due to seasonality. Determining if any of these three causes are contributing to misapplied capacity costs is critical, as there are important managerial accounting and financial accounting reporting implications associated with each. And while the relevant literature to be discussed offers support for these causal constructs, this paper extends this literature by developing a parsimonious and conceptually-based approach to permit a simultaneous partitioning of misapplied capacity costs into these causal categories. Further, this paper will identify the important conceptual differences among these three causes, how these differences warrant unique approaches for the managerial and financial reporting of information related to capacity costs and utilization, and needed changes to Generally Accepted Accounting Principles to facilitate more appropriate financial reporting in this area.     

深化改革 科学监管 不断提升银行业运行效率和服务能力

党的十八届三中全会要求“完善金融市场体系”并作出了部署。今年是全面深化改革的开局之年,在新的历史起点上,银行业监管部门要准确把握政策导向,落实中央关于银行业改革发展的新要求,监管引领辖内银行业深化改革,改进服务,防范风险,有效提高运行效率和服务实体经济能力。     

刑事涉财产执行中的案外人权益救济——以案外人权益救济程序的当事人构造为视角

刑事涉财产执行程序因采取移送执行模式而被误认为不存在申请执行人,使得刑事涉财产执行程序及其衍生的案外人权益救济程序过分依赖执行法院的职权主义。在刑事附带民事诉讼裁判、追缴或责令退赔违法所得并返还被害人判项、责令被免予刑事处罚的被告人赔偿被害人损失判项的执行程序中,案外人权益救济程序原则上应以被害人为申请执行人,并参照适用民事强制执行程序中的案外人权益救济制度。其他刑事涉财产执行程序应以检察机关为申请执行人。除非出现被执行人逃避执行或者案外人对执行标的提出排除执行请求等特殊情形,作为申请执行人的检察机关通常无须现实参加执行程序。     

资源型城市煤炭行业“去产能”面临的金融风险及政策建议--以吉林省白山市为例

2015年12月,中央经济工作会议提出“三去一降一补”供给侧结构性改革任务。作为典型的资源型城市,伴随着去产能政策的逐步实施,如何平衡实施国家政策与保持辖区经济发展是当前资源型城市亟需解决的问题。本文基于对白山市煤炭行业“去产能”的调研,对化解煤炭行业金融风险提出了相关政策建议。