工业用地价格是否影响企业进入:来自中国城市的微观证据

在土地供应市场化之后,工业用地价格迅速上升并开始成为制约中国制造业发展的重要因素。文章采用2003-2007年中国城市面板数据,考察了工业用地价格对企业进入的影响。研究证实,东部地区工业用地价格上涨的确抑制了新企业的进入,但这一关系在中西部地区并不明显。进一步研究显示,地价上涨对企业进入的抑制效应在非国有企业、土地依赖型行业以及低增加值行业中更加明显。     

“十二五”与城市化、房价和住房制度

十二五的意义在于开启共和国的第三个30年。十二五的重点是城市化发展方式的转型,公共品供给的制度安排是关键路线。中国的城市化有四大特征:时空压缩、空间扭曲、户籍制+土地国有、内部人化。房价和住房问题是中国特色城市化的问题,只能有中国式的解。打压房价不能解决住房问题,住房保障的关键不是数量保障,而是公平保障。取消一切形式、对一切人的货币化实物分房,应该是中国新住房制度的基础条件。     

Density,distance and debt: New-town construction and local-government financial risks in China

The local governments in China have borrowed a lot of debts in the past ten years. In recent years, local governments have been under increasing pressure to repay debts. By matching panel data for city-level urban construction and investment bonds (UCIBs) with hand-collected new-town construction panel data, this study found that new-town construction has partly accounted for UCIB issuance, especially since 2009. Firstly, the new-town construction presented a trend that the distance away from the city center increases and planned population density decreases over time, which may end up with lowering efficiency of new towns. Secondly, the number and planned area of new towns in inland regions far exceeds that in coastal regions, while the scales of UCIBs are also larger in inland cities than in coastal cities, along with relatively higher interest rates. We argue that the inland-favoring land supply policies and local government political competition are the main driving forces behind this phenomenon. Thirdly, while local governments built new towns increasingly by borrowing, the return to investment is declining over time both in coastal and inland regions. We argue that without fully understanding the importance of population density and distance to downtown in urban economic development, new-town construction using land financing can lead to inefficient urbanization in China, which is not financially sustainable, especially for small and inland cities.     

地价对房价影响程度区域差异的实证分析——来自国土资源部楼盘调查数据的证据

本文利用2009年7月25日国土资源部对外正式公布的全国30个省87个城市536个楼盘调查数据,对我国地价对房价影响程度的研究表明：从全国来看地价每上涨1％,将导致房价上涨0．355％。同时这种地价弹性还存在着十分明显的区域差异,这种差异不仅体现在东部与中西部之间的区间差异,更体现在每个地区大城市与中小城市之间的区内差异,地价弹性从大到小依次为东部中小城市、中部大城市、西部大城市、中部中小城市,东部大城市和西部中小城市。本文认为地价对房价影响程度的区域差异主要取决于房地产市场竞争的激烈程度以及由此导致的土地囤积不同。     

Analysis of regional carbon allocation and carbon trading based on net primary productivity in China

Ecological balance and carbon sink economies have gained increased attention for tackling global warming. Based on an improved Carnegie–Ames–Stanford Approach model, this study demonstrated regional Net Primary Productivity (NPP) and analyzed regional carbon overdraft situations in China during 2005–2015. Regional carbon allowances were allocated according to carrying capacity of carbon sequestration and China's carbon intensity reduction goals in “13th Five-year plan”. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) technology with panel data was further employed to estimate potential benefits resulting from carbon trading and a carbon sink economy. Regional NPP decreased from south to north and from coast to inland, while regions with severe carbon overdrafts were gathered in North and East China. In order to maintain a regional carbon balance with lower abatement costs, regional cooperation of emission reduction within either North or East China is proposed in this study. It is concluded that the majority of provinces and cities in Eastern China and some provinces in the west would be the major purchasers of carbon credits under a national carbon emissions trading (CET) market. Following the introduction of emissions offset mechanisms, Yunnan, Sichuan, and Heilongjiang would be the major providers of carbon sinks in China.     

Structure of Comparative Advantage of China and India： Global and Regional Dynamics

This paper investigates the extent of competition between China and India in the world and ASEAN markets. The analysis is undertaken using the concept of revealed comparative advantage, relative market shares, long‐term trend analysis and statistical tests of convergence. In the context of the ASEAN market the evaluation of competition between India and China has been undertaken with special reference to the prior implementation of the ASEAN‐China Free Trade Area relative to the ASEAN‐India Free Trade Area. The results suggest that threat perceptions at the product level might currently prevail for both economies from each other across all sectors in both markets even though the intensity of the competitive threat varies across products. However, long‐term trend analysis shows that the patterns of comparative advantage of India and China are evolving along divergent paths and, therefore, competition between the two economies might not be a major issue.     

论区域产业转移与城镇化的互动

区域产业转移与城镇化的良好互动,既有利于我国产业空间的合理布局,又可以为城镇化发展构筑产业支撑。文章通过梳理产业与城镇化的关系,构建区域产业转移与城镇化互动的"推力—引力—扩散力"模型,并通过对"十一五"以来中国31个省市的面板数据计量检验分析了区域产业转移对城镇化的影响。研究发现,区域产业转移对提高我国城镇化率和城镇居民收入水平的作用明显,但是我国城镇化率的提高却未带来城镇居民收入水平的提升。要通过积极推进产城融合、理性承接产业转移、构筑互动平台、提高城镇化质量等途径实现区域产业转移与城镇化的良好互动。     

What happens to land price when a rural construction land market legally opens in China? A spatiotemporal analysis of Nanhai district from 2010 to 2015

Urban and rural construction land markets in China, the two formerly separated markets, are beginning to be unified in some pilot areas. So far, but little is known about the associated land market development patterns and what factors influence land market price. In order to examine the impact of urban developers' access to legal rural construction land market on land price, we analyzed the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of price trends for the rural-urban land market in Nanhai district, Guangdong Province, between 2010 and 2015. We collected 2285 land transaction data during that span and mapped price contour lines for the rural-urban development land market in the whole district by using spatial interpolation techniques. Four hedonic price models, on rural and urban construction land respectively, were developed to measure the marginal effects of land attributes on price. Results from the analysis suggest that, temporally, the prices of rural-urban development land grew rapidly between 2010 and 2015. Spatially, prices spread along a gradient from east to west, and the prices in North Nanhai district were significantly higher than those in the south. The hedonic models also suggest that land use type, lot size, and various spatial characteristics impact rural and urban land prices. Overall, this research presented here contributes our understanding of the complex nature of establishing a unified land market in China.     

以主体功能区建设促区域协调发展

“十一五”规划纲要提出的主体功能区建设与区域发展总体战略相结合,克服了“四大板块”在区域划分上所带来的一系列问题,优化了国土开发格局,促进了区域协调发展。文章分析了主体功能区建设对今后区域发展的积极影响,并提出在实践操作上解决机构建设、法律保障、生态补偿、政府管理体制改革等问题,使主体功能区建设更加完善。     

房价、土地供给对制造业产业结构升级的影响

本文将探讨房价和土地供给以及二者交互作用对制造业产业结构升级的影响机制,并对2009—2017年全国70个大中城市面板数据进行实证研究。结果表明:在全国范围内,房价对制造业产业结构升级有促进作用,不同地区之间存在异质性,东部促进效果最大,西部的影响作用最小;在全国范围内,土地供给增加阻碍制造业产业结构升级,但统计上不显著,划分区域后作用显著,东部有利于制造业结构升级,中、西部不利于制造业结构升级;在全国范围内,两者之间的交互项对制造业产生显著的负向影响,不同地区结果有差异,东部的交互项产生显著的正向影响,中、西部产生显著的负向影响。     

Time-varying inter-urban housing price spillovers in China: Causes and consequences

The spatial spillovers of housing prices across regions are well documented by a large body of previous studies. This paper tries to investigate the dynamic (time-varying) evolution of spatial interactions and their underlying driving factors intensively. Using a recently developed Generalized Autoregressive Score (GAS) model, this paper examines the time-varying spatial spillovers of housing prices in 70 major and median cities of China from 2006 to 2019. We find that the GAS model can well capture the impact of time-varying critical events of Chinese real estate market on the whole. However, different regions display heterogeneous variation patterns over time. Further investigation shows that inter-regional labor mobility and trades are two major channels, accounting for 1.25% and 2.58% of the monthly standard deviations of spatial spillover effects from one city to another, respectively. We also characterize and distinguish between three time-varying patterns of spatial spillovers within different regions of China. Our results shed lights on the understanding of spatial spillovers across regional real estate markets across different city network structures within China.     

主成分指标在基准地价评估神经网络中的应用

对我国现行城镇基准地价的评估方法进行了研究,阐述了现行方法中存在的问题和不足,提出了通过区域样点地价和区域地价影响因素平均分确定基准地价的方法,使用主成分分析法建立了地价影响因素的主成分指标,结合BP神经网络建立了基准地价评估模型,并通过实例验证了方法的可行性和模型的准确性。     

土地出让收入的区域差异分析

近年来我国土地出让收入的区域差异明显,主要原因在于地区间经济发展水平不平衡、土地出让价格差异较大以及对土地供应缺乏有效控制。土地出让收入的区域差异加剧了区域间财政收入能力的横向失衡,也加大了中央政府均衡区域间财政能力的难度,应采取相应的政策措施加以解决。     

Impact of Chinese Local Government-led Construction Land Supply Strategies on Urban Innovation and its Spatiotemporal Differences

This study constructs a theoretical framework to analyze the impact of local government-led construction land supply (LGCLS) strategies on urban innovation. It uses data related to 265 cities in China from 2005 to 2019 for empirical analysis. Its conclusions are as follows. For development stage differences, the impact of LGCLS strategies on urban innovation exhibited an inverted U shape with economic growth. The inflection point occurred when the per capita GDP equaled approximately RMB23,101 in 2008. For regional differences, the inflection point in eastern China is higher and earlier than that in central and western China; before the inflection point, the positive influence was more obvious in the central and western regions, whereas after the inflection point, the negative influence was more obvious in the eastern region. For the eastern Yangtze River Delta urban agglomerations and the northwestern resource-based urban agglomerations with relatively high per capita GDP, the negative impact of LGCLS strategies on urban innovation occurred earlier and showed spatial agglomeration characteristics.     

Examining the impact of high-speed railways on land value and government revenue: Evidence from China

The Beijing-Shanghai high-speed railway operates at 300 km per hour to connect two of the most important Chinese cities within a travel time of 5 h. By exploiting a unique government land sale dataset, this paper investigates the impact of this high-speed railway on land price and then on the local government revenue. We show that the BSH generally increases the land price by about 87%, which amounts to about RMB 99 billion (around USD 14 billion) more in government land sale revenue or helps to cover about 45% of its construction cost. Furthermore, we show the heterogeneity of the impacts of the BSH on the prices of different types of land. Specifically, we find that residential land located within 3 km from a BSH station experiences a price increase of 278%. This effect is weaker for mixed-use land. Our finding shows that high-speed railway itself could serve as a key channel of infrastructure financing and government revenue sources.     

Foreign direct investment,fiscal decentralization and land conflicts in China

Land disputes have been an important risk to social stability in China since the turn of the century. This paper uses provincial data on illegal land uses during the period 1999–2010 as a proxy for the intensity of land conflicts to investigate the effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) and fiscal decentralization on jurisdictional land conflicts. The results show that the FDI growth rate has a positive and significant impact on the growth rate of illegal land use when there is a high degree of fiscal decentralization. We thus provide evidence supporting the hypothesis that regional competition for FDI, as shaped by fiscal decentralization, tends to raise conflicts over land in China.     

Incumbent Response to Entry by Low‐Cost Carriers in the U.S. Airline Industry

This article studies incumbent price response to entry by low‐cost carriers in the U.S. airline industry. I find that legacy carrier incumbents decrease their mean airfare, 10th percentile airfare, and 90th percentile airfare following entry by a low‐cost carrier. Airfares decrease by a larger percentage at the right tail of the incumbents’ price distribution than at the left tail, suggesting that increased competition from low‐cost carrier entrants leads to lower price dispersion.     

粤港澳大湾区建设规划推高了珠三角地区房价吗?——基于双重差分方法的经验研究

本文基于双重差分模型,采用2012—2018年中国37个地级市城市(9个珠三角城市加28个其他省大中城市)的面板数据,实证检验了粤港澳大湾区建设规划对珠三角地区房价的影响及其异质性效果,然后运用莫兰指数探究珠三角地区内房价变动是否存在空间效应。结果发现:粤港澳大湾区建设规划对珠三角地区房价存在显著正效应,且对不同人口规模和房价水平城市的房价影响效应存在不平衡性;珠三角地区房地产市场尚不存在明显的空间效应,粤港澳大湾区建设规划的出台在短期内可能会进一步拉开区域内各城市房价水平差距。基于此,珠三角地区在把握粤港澳大湾区建设历史发展机遇的同时,不能忽视房价波动风险,应坚决执行房地产市场调控政策,确保区域协调与高质量发展。     

是土地供应量与房地产税赋提高了房价吗

自分税制实施后,“土地财政”成为我国地方政府获取收入以支撑财政支出的主要选择,而与此同时房价也在不断上涨。中央政府从民生角度要求地方政府对房价实施调控,地方政府则主要通过调整土地供给量和房地产税税赋来施加影响。土地供应量和税赋会影响供需双方从而影响房价,反过来房价又会影响税收收入及开发商对土地的需求,进而影响社会民生。本文对我国东、中、西部地区住房价格和土地供给量、房地产税税赋之间的关系进行分析,探讨各地区的住房价格上涨原因。通过构建住房价格和土地供给量、房地产税税赋之间的PVAR模型,利用格兰杰因果检验、脉冲分析和方差分解方法来透视地方政府行为对住房价格的影响。分析结果显示,地方政府行为和房价之间存在着联动关系,但在推动住房价格上涨的原因上存在着区域差异：在东部地区,土地供应量影响房价;中部地区,二者联合推动了房价上涨。而在西部地区,房地产税税赋对房价的影响明显。在政策建议上,对地价推动房价的地区要从丰富住房来源和数量入手,而税赋影响房价的地区则要完善相关税制改革。