中国城市化对城乡收入差距的影响——基于东、中、西部面板数据的实证研究

本文选取1978-2007年中国30个省市的面板数据,运用面板单位根检验、面板协整检验对我国东、中、西部地区城市化和城乡收入差距的长期均衡关系进行了检验,并在此基础上,建立面板协整方程和面板误差修正模型并进行分析.实证结果表明:我国东、中、西部城市化与城乡收入差距之间具有长期均衡关系,城市化时城乡收入差距的作用并非简单地促进或者抑制,其效应还要取决于城乡收入差距本身的水平,当城乡收入差距水平较高时,城市化将扩大城乡收入差距;而当城乡收入差距水平较低时,加速城市化能有效地缩小城乡收入差距.     

农户信贷约束与收入差距的动态影响机制:基于面板联立系统的估计

基于山西省35个县2100户农户2005年～2010年的微观面板数据,笔者构建了我国农户信贷约束与收入差距间的面板联立系统,估计了农户信贷约束与收入差距间的动态影响机制。数据分析和实证检验均证实了我国农户在正规金融机构的信贷支持上存在约束现象;农户从正规金融机构获得信贷的额度和机会均与其收入水平密切相关,高收入农户在机会和额度上均优于低收入农户。农户收入水平与正规金融机构的信贷约束存在着相互影响的动态作用机制,信贷约束的门槛效应使得农户信贷约束与收入增长存在着动态恶性循环。拓展农户收入增长的渠道,应打破正规金融机构在农户信贷支持上的门槛,以政策倾斜机制来缓解农户正规金融机构信贷上的约束,以金融资源配置效率的提升来缩减农村居民收入差距。     

市场化程度、经济增长与行业间收入差距

文章采用2000—2011年省际面板数据,对市场化程度、经济增长与行业间收入差距间关系进行了平稳性和协整检验,发现这三者之间存在长期稳定关系。为了探究短期经济波动对长期均衡的影响,文内对面板模型进行了误差修正。实证结果显示,市场化程度对行业间收入差距有显著扩大作用,经济增长对行业间收入差距在不同地区有不同影响。市场化与经济增长交互项系数显著,说明在不同市场化程度下,经济增长对行业间收入差距影响不同。     

金融发展、城市化与城乡收入差距的作用机制及协整分析

基于2000—2008年间省级面板数据设定面板协整模型,对我国金融发展、城市化与城乡收入差距的长期关系进行分析非常必要。在此期间,我国的金融发展水平、城市化水平与城乡收入差距之间存在长期稳定的面板协整关系,总体看来,金融市场的发展加快城市化进程的作用显著,城市化缩小城乡收入差距的作用亦显著,但这两种效应均具有显著的区域差异。     

贵州省城乡收入差距对经济增长的影响——基于面板数据模型

本文采用门限面板模型研究贵州省9个市州地区1980-2008年城乡收入差距对经济增长的非线性特征.用城镇居民可支配收入与农村人均纯收入之比来作为城乡收入差距度量指标,门限面板模型回归结果显示:贵州省9个市州地区城乡收入差距对其经济增长具有机制转移效应,共分为4个区间,城乡收入差距大于等于2.9,且小于等于3.14时为城乡收入差距合理区间,在此区间,合理控制偏向城市制度,会对经济增长具有促进作用.     

以人为核心的新型城镇化能缩小我国地区收入差距吗

中国共产党的十九届五中全会明确强调推进"以人为核心的新型城镇化建设".本文对我国31个省(自治区、直辖市)2008-2019年以人为核心的新型城镇化发展水平进行了量化测度;在此基础上,从省际和省内两个角度出发,构建动态空间自回归模型和面板门限模型,实证检验了以人为核心的新型城镇化对我国地区收入差距的影响.研究结果表明:(1)我国以人为核心的新型城镇化发展水平存在较为明显的地域差异,从局部省份的测算结果对比看这种差异更加明显;(2)核心城镇化发展水平的提升有利于促进省际收入差距缩小,但这种影响具有双重门槛效应,即随着以人为核心的新型城镇化水平提升,其对收入差距的影响先后表现为弱正向影响、不显著影响和强正向影响;(3)以人为核心的新型城镇化发展有利于缩小省内地市间收入差距,但其效果同样存在非线性特征;(4)人力资本水平、政府调控、科技创新、经济市场化、对外开放等因素也是我国省际或省内收入差距的显著影响因素.     

社会保障支出对城乡居民消费差距的门槛效应——基于地区差异与支出结构的分析

在城镇化视角下,通过理论模型推导,构建门槛面板模型,采用1997~2015年省际数据实证检验了社会保障支出对城乡居民消费差距的门槛效应。研究发现:在城镇化视角下,社会保障支出对城乡居民消费差距具有显著的门槛效应。在城镇化水平中级阶段,社会保障支出缩小了城乡居民消费差距;在城镇化水平高级阶段,社会保障支出拉大了城乡居民消费差距。分地区看,东中西部社会保障支出既存在城镇化水平的门槛效应,又存在地区差异。基于社会保障支出结构,社会保障各项目支出对城乡居民消费差距具有不同的门槛效应。此外,人力资本和城乡收入差距对城乡居民消费差距具有显著影响,人力资本负向影响城乡居民消费差距,城乡收入差距正向影响城乡居民消费差距。     

股票市场的非对称价格传递

文章运用门限自回归(TAR)和动态门限自回归(M-TAR)模型,解决股票市场的非对称性问题。非对称性误差修正模型扩展了最初的协整模型,解决了单位根低解释功效和在非对称性调整下的协整检验问题。     

我国垄断行业收入与经济增长关系的实证研究——基于面板协整理论

基于1990—2008年我国垄断行业收入的面板数据,通过面板协整、Engle-Granger检验以及运用误差修正模型对我国垄断行业的收入水平与经济增长的长期关系进行分析。研究结果显示:与能源、交通相关的垄断行业的收入与经济增长之间存在长期稳定的协整关系;与能源相关的垄断行业的收入对经济增长具有正向影响,而与交通相关的垄断行业的收入对经济增长的影响不太显著;金融保险业和房地产业的收入与经济增长之间并不存在长期稳定的面板协整关系。     

金融市场对我国通货膨胀与收入不平等关系的调节作用分析——基于财富门槛视角

笔者通过构建数理模型,从金融市场财富门槛的角度对我国通货膨胀与收入不平等的关系进行了理论分析。结果发现,一方面,在我国金融市场不发达的现实背景下,形成了规避通货膨胀的财富门槛,财富门槛降低了低收入群体规避通货膨胀的效果,扩大了收入差距;另一方面,通货膨胀又在事实上提高了金融市场的财富门槛,进一步加剧了收入不平等状态。利用我国1978年～2009年时间序列数据,进行Johansen协整检验与Granger因果检验,结果验证了金融市场对我国通货膨胀与收入不平等关系的正向影响作用。     

Taxation and household portfolio composition: US evidence from the 1980s and 1990s

This paper explores the relationship between household marginal income tax rates, the set of financial assets that households own, and the portfolio shares accounted for by each of these assets. It analyzes data from the 1983, 1989, 1992, 1995, and 1998 Surveys of Consumer Finances and develops a new algorithm for imputing federal marginal tax rates to households in these surveys. The empirical findings suggest that marginal tax rates have important effects on asset allocation decisions. The probability that a household owns tax-advantaged assets, such as tax-exempt bonds or assets held in tax-deferred accounts, is positively related to its tax rate on ordinary income. In addition, the portfolio share invested in corporate stock, which is taxed less heavily than interest bearing assets, is increasing in the household’s ordinary income tax rate. Holdings of heavily taxed assets, such as interest-bearing accounts, decline as a share of wealth as a household’s marginal tax rate increases.     

Racial/Ethnic disparities in high return investment ownership: a Heckman selection model

This study investigates racial/ethnic differences in high return investment ownership in the U.S. Households with low levels of financial assets might not be able to meaningfully make investment choices, so a Heckman two-stage selection model was used to separate the minimum asset level status from the allocation decision, specifically in whether households owned at least one high return investment. We found that households with White respondents were more likely than households with Black and Hispanic respondents to have adequate financial assets for investment. Conditional on having adequate financial assets, and controlling for household characteristics and financial literacy, White households were more likely to own high return investments than Black, Hispanic and Asian/other households. Policies to nudge households to invest some wealth in high return investment assets would benefit minority households.     

Dynamic asset allocation and consumption under inflation inequality: The impacts of inflation experiences and expectations

Differences in spending patterns and in price increases across goods and services lead to the unequal inflation experiences of households (called inflation inequality). These differences then cause disagreements in inflation expectations and eventually have a significant effect on households’ asset allocation and consumption decisions. The asset allocation model in this paper explains how inflation experiences affect household investment and consumption through corresponding inflation expectations, which are characterized by long-term expected inflation, the impact coefficient of the expected inflation and the correlation between expected inflation and the risky return. Using China's economic data, the empirical results show that significant differences in inflation expectation arise from income gap, regional inequality, different inflation measures and economic sector spending differences. Using the estimated coefficients, the calibration results have policy implications that households need more financing channels to resist inflation, especially in rural areas and in the raw material sector.     

农村金融排斥与城乡收入差距 ——基于我国省级面板数据模型的实证研究

本文基于2006—2011年全国省级面板数据,从理论与实证角度分析了金融资源分配的不公平如何导致收入分配的不公平。通过广义矩估计（GMM）模型估计发现,农村金融排斥显著影响城乡收入差距。其中,条件排斥、地理及营销排斥显著扩大城乡收入差距,价格排斥却能在一定程度上缩小城乡收入差距。回归方程分解分析结果表明,这四大排斥平均解释度分别为1075%,100%和1435%,农村金融排斥共解释城乡收入差距的261%。此外,非农业就业比例的提高与城镇化的有效推进对缩小城乡收入差距也有重要影响。因此,金融资源配置的“效率”与“公平”并重、提高农民家庭生产性固定资产的积累和增加农村金融服务宽度对于缩小城乡收入差距具有重大意义。     

房屋拆迁与家庭金融风险资产投资

文章基于心理账户和资源保存理论,利用2011年中国家庭金融调查数据,考察了房屋拆迁对家庭金融风险资产投资的影响及其机制.研究结果表明,房屋拆迁显著增强了家庭投资金融风险资产的意愿,提高了家庭在金融风险资产上的投资比重.财富损失预期在房屋拆迁影响家庭金融风险资产投资中起了显著的中介作用,而这一中介效应受到社会保险的正向调节.文章从经济学、管理学和心理学相融合的视角进行分析,为人类经济行为和结果提供了新见解;同时,研究结论对拓宽居民家庭投资渠道、深化金融体制改革和促进经济增长具有重要的参考价值和指导意义.     

Multi‐asset Deprivation and Pro‐poor Growth in Cameroon

This article analyzes pro‐poor growth of multiple dimensions of household well‐being by sector of activity in Cameroon. It uses (1) a polychoric principal component analysis to construct indicators of household asset endowments, (2) the growth incidence curve to analyze the pro‐poorness of the different assets, and (3) a Shapley value framework decomposition to account for changes in deprivation in terms of within‐sector growth and changes in within‐sector inequality. Data is sourced from the second and third Cameroon household consumption surveys. Results show that: (a) pro‐poor growth is not observed for all assets and households at the bottom of the distribution of the different assets experienced an increase in inequality; (b) for all asset endowments, overall deprivation worsened between 2001 and 2007; (c) whereas the growth component mitigated the worsening incidence, depth and severity of human asset deprivation, both growth and redistribution components accounted for the worsening physical, financial and social asset deprivations; (d) while the tertiary sectors of activity benefited some human asset poverty reduction, all sectors suffered from worsening financial and social asset deprivation. These results have implications for promoting growth and improving the allocation of household assets.     

Intrahousehold moral hazard frictions and household poverty traps in rural India

We empirically study the role of assets held by women in the creation of household wealth using data from rural India. We design a streamlined model of intrahousehold project funding where moral hazard frictions between spouses and women's asset control are the main ingredients. As predicted by the model, the data show that household asset accumulation depends on women's asset control in a non-monotonic way. Results indicate no presence of multiple equilibrium poverty traps, but do show that exogenous negative shocks will trigger assets aggregation within households where both spouses are present. This resilience mechanism is, however, not found in female headed household as these households have a monotonic relationship between women's wealth control and asset creation. We thus argue that policies to support women's empowerment need to distinguish women based on their individual wealth levels and headship status to enhance household well-being in remote Indian communities.     

健康与家庭资产选择

本文采用中国居民家庭微观调查数据,运用资产参与和资产分配模型,分别讨论健康状况对居民家庭资产配置行为的影响。研究结果表明:投资者的健康状况不显著影响其参与股票市场和风险资产市场的决定,但影响家庭的股票或风险资产在总财富中的比重,健康状况不佳会导致这两个比重较低,在控制了参保情况或时间展望期后这一影响仍然显著;而投资者风险态度和遗赠动机能够一定程度上解释健康风险的影响。     

Threshold cointegration and nonlinear adjustment between goods and services inflation in the United States

In this paper, we model the long-run relationship between goods and services inflation for the United States over the period 1968:1–2003:3. Our empirical methodology makes use of recent developments on threshold cointegration that consider the possibility of a nonlinear relationship between the two inflation series. According to our results, the null hypothesis of linear cointegration would be rejected in favor of a two-regime threshold cointegration model. Consequently, we could expect a cointegrating relationship only when the divergence between services inflation and goods inflation is above the threshold point estimate.     

数字普惠金融与中国农村家庭财富差距

促进农民增收致富和推动乡村振兴是二十大关注的重要问题。本文使用中国家庭金融调查数据和数字普惠金融指数,用分位回归方法分析了数字普惠金融对中国农村家庭财富差距的影响。结果发现：数字普惠金融可以显著提高农村家庭财富,有助于缩小家庭财富差距。随着家庭财富由低到高,数字普惠金融对于农村不同财富家庭总资产的正向影响由大到小。由于不同财富家庭的负债结构差异较大,随着财富由低到高,数字普惠金融对家庭净资产的影响则由小到大。夏普里值分解结果表明,数字普惠金融对农村家庭财富差距的贡献度近三分之一。异质性分析表明,数字普惠金融发展对于低收入家庭和低教育水平家庭财富的正向作用更强,进一步证明了上述结论。机制分析表明,数字普惠金融能显著促进农村家庭特别是低财富家庭的创业行为,而创业对于最低财富组家庭资产的正向刺激作用最强;受流动性约束可能性越大的低财富家庭,越能从数字普惠金融的发展中获益。因而进一步证实数字普惠金融可以缩小农村家庭财富差距。本文的研究说明,发展数字普惠金融对于探索农民致富路径和推进乡村振兴有积极作用。