Institutional Ownership and Private Equity Placements: Evidence from Chinese Listed Firms

This paper examines the impact of institutional ownership on the performance of private equity placements (PEPs) for listed firms in China. We find that the presence of institutional investors can alleviate the information asymmetries between listed firms and the market. The market reaction to PEP announcements is significantly smaller if there is a higher portion of institutional shareholdings. Long‐term firm operational performance after PEPs is positively correlated with institutional shareholdings. Moreover, we find that the relationship between institutional shareholdings and PEP performance is mainly driven by nonlisted corporate investors and mutual funds. Finally, the relationship between PEP performance and institutional shareholdings is stronger in smaller PEP issuers.     

Firm R&D,Processing Trade and Input Trade Liberalisation: Evidence from Chinese Firms

This paper examines the impact of input trade liberalisation on firm R&D activity by taking China's accession to the WTO as a quasi‐natural experiment. Different from ordinary imports, processing imports in China enjoy zero tariffs and are not affected by input trade liberalisation due to the WTO accession. The paper uses disaggregated firm‐level production data and transaction‐level trade data to perform difference‐in‐difference analysis by taking processing import firms as a control group. An intensive empirical search shows that after China's accession to the WTO, input trade liberalisation fostered firm R&D significantly. The findings are robust to different measures and various empirical specifications.     

上市公司资信监控的博弈分析

采用博弈论的方法对上市公司资信监控进行了分析。根据模型的不同假设前提，构造了单阶段和多阶段的博弈模型，得出博弈双方的均衡战略，以及某些关键因素(如评估机构对上市公司的惩罚系数及监督成本，上市公司的资信欺骗额等)对博弈双方的影响，提出了减少上市公司资信欺骗发生的建议。     

地区市场化进程、相对谈判能力与商业信用——来自中国制造业上市公司的经验证据

基于2003-2009年中国制造业上市公司,考察地区市场化进程不同的情况下,企业相对于主要供应商/客户的谈判能力对企业商业信用行为的影响。研究发现,企业的供应商和客户集中度越高,相对谈判能力越低,更可能提供商业信用,进一步发现在市场化进程较低地区,公司相对主要客户的谈判能力更弱,更有动机提供商业信用,而公司相对主要供应商的谈判能力增强,更可能获取商业信用。这不仅从企业的相对谈判能力视角拓展和深化了商业信用的竞争假说,而且从制度环境上,为更好理解转型经济环境下企业利用信用方式作为市场竞争手段以促进企业发展提供了一种可能的解释。     

金融市场化、融资约束与企业成本加成:来自中国制造业企业的证据

融资约束和成本加成亟需提升是中国制造业企业面临的双重难题,在经济转轨的宏观背景下,能否藉由中国金融市场化改革来破解这一困境?本文以2001—2007年中国制造业企业为样本的实证研究显示:融资约束阻碍了企业成本加成提升,而金融市场化能够有效缓解融资约束对企业成本加成的抑制效应;以工具变量、分样本及替代变量回归等方法进行的稳健性检验进一步证明了本文结论的稳健性。本文的研究结论为进一步推进金融市场化改革,以此作为融资难背景下中国制造业企业成本加成提升的有效路径提供了理论支撑。     

贸易成本、异质性企业与扩大内需:理论框架与中国经验

扩大内需是现阶段稳定我国经济增长的关键因素之一。在现有异质性企业模型的基础上,本文通过建立一个异质性企业选择模型阐述了贸易成本对内部需求的影响机制。该模型表明贸易成本是影响企业国内外市场选择行为的关键因素,政府可以通过调节企业的相对贸易成本来实现扩大内部需求的目标。同时利用我国工业企业层面的数据,对模型进行了实证检验,检验结果符合理论模型的基本预测。     

金融发展与融资约束——来自中小企业板的证据

本文使用2005—2007年中小企业板数据,在考虑实际控制人性质和政治关系的背景下,研究金融发展是否可以缓解中小企业融资约束。研究发现:无政治关系的民营中小企业面临较强融资约束,金融发展可以显著缓解其融资约束,这种缓解作用来自信贷资金分配的市场化和金融市场引入外资;具有政治关系的民营中小企业不存在显著的融资约束,但金融业引入外资会显著增加其现金的现金流敏感度,可能导致这类中小企业融资状况或企业绩效弱化;国有中小企业现金的现金流敏感度最高,但其现金持有量与绩效负相关,金融发展对其不产生显著影响。     

The Interplay Between Private and Public Regulations: Evidence from ISO 14001 Adoption Among Chinese Firms

Extant studies on private regulation have not reached a sufficient understanding about the interplay between private and public regulations, due to underdeveloped theoretical framework and the lack of large-sample empirical investigations. Leveraging ISO 14001 adoption among Chinese firms as the research context, the current research draws on the institutional theory to examine how firm’s adoption of ISO 14001 standard, as a specific form of private regulation, affects the incidence of public environmental inspections. To test our arguments, we conduct two empirical studies. Study 1 uses the first-hand data of a corporate social responsibility survey on Chinese manufacturing firms, whereas Study 2 deploys the second-hand longitudinal archival data of the government environmental inspections on Chinese listed firms. Both of the two studies reveal consistent findings that ISO 14001 adoption decreases the incidence of government environmental inspections, and that the effect of ISO 14001 adoption becomes stronger in state-owned enterprises and firms with top management team’s political ties. Our findings are suggestive of a complementary relationship between private and public regulations, in a sense that private regulations can compensate for the weaknesses of public regulations by offering faster, more flexible and cost-efficient means of enforcement, which allows the public authorities to economize on the deployment of public resources to monitor the rest non-compliant firms.     

政治关联、管理者过度自信与成本粘性--基于创业板上市公司的经验证据

本文选用创业板上市公司2009－2014年数据,实证检验高管政治关联、过度自信对成本粘性的作用机理与运行机制。研究结果表明：拥有政治关联的公司,成本粘性显著增强;高管过度自信程度越高,成本粘性增强的趋势越明显。进一步的研究显示,政治关联与过度自信的交互作用对成本粘性具有较强地正向放大作用,即过度自信且具有政治资源优势的高管将推进成本粘性的提升。本文将制度环境和管理者背景特征紧密结合,揭示了高管政治关联与过度自信对创业板上市公司成本性态的影响,对于深化认识创业企业成本管控模式与策略、识别高管情绪及其产生的行为后果具有借鉴意义。     

Financial Reform and Financing Decisions of Listed Firms in Zimbabwe

Abstract

We examine the impact of the economic reform programme on the financing choices of Zimbabwean listed companies. Using the published accounts of a sample of companies, we show that listed firms rely heavily on external finance, especially short-term bank financing. We estimate an eclectic econometric model of firms' capital structure based on key predictions from the theory of finance, augmented by variables aimed at capturing the impact of Zimbabwe's reform programme. The analysis shows that an orthodox model has little explanatory power over firms' capital structure in the pre-reform period, but in the post-reform period it does better. The differences between the pre-reform and post-reform era suggest that the reforms achieved partial success in opening up the capital markets and improving the transparency of firm financing behaviour.     

市场竞争、银行信贷与上市公司商业信用

商业信用是企业特别是受到信贷约束的中小私有企业获得外部融资的一种重要方式。利用2004—2008年中国制造业上市公司数据,分析市场竞争与银行贷款对上市公司商业信用的影响。结果显示:市场竞争和应收账款正相关,和应付账款负相关;随着银行贷款的增加,企业的应收和应付账款都有所增加。     

Institutional Interest,Ownership Type,and Environmental Capital Expenditures: Evidence from the Most Polluting Chinese Listed Firms

This study empirically examines whether firms’ environmental capital expenditures impact institutional investors’ investment decisions in the Chinese market. We particularly examine the impact of ownership type on the relationship of environmental capital expenditures and the behavior of different types of institutional investors by classifying institutional investors into two categories, short-term and long-term investors. In addition, this study further investigates whether environmental capital expenditures related to ownership type increase firm value. We find that long-term institutional investors tend to invest in state-owned firms (SOEs) making environmental capital expenditures. Results also indicate that, with governmental backing and encouragement, the market value of SOEs making more environmental capital expenditures is likely to increase. However, no similar results are found for non-SOEs.     

商业信用对非效率投资的影响:融资抑或治理

基于2003-2012年沪深A股上市公司为研究样本,实证检验商业信用对非效率投资的影响。研究发现:上市公司的过度投资行为主要是由代理冲突比较严重且公司存在大量自由现金流而引发,投资不足主要是由融资约束引发,并非由债权代理冲突引发;上市公司的商业信用能够抑制过度投资,发挥治理作用。同时,商业信用又能够缓解投资不足,发挥融资功能。     

Trade Credit,Bank Credit,and Flight to Quality: Evidence from French SMEs

This paper investigates the impact of the global financial crisis on the allocation of credit to small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs). Using samples of French SMEs from four industries, we found support for the prediction of the flight‐to‐quality hypothesis that in bad times, credit flows away from smaller constrained firms to larger, higher grade firms. We also examined the relation between bank credit and trade credit in terms of two hypotheses: the substitution hypothesis and the complementary hypothesis. The results of fixed effects panel regressions showed that trade credit for small firms during periods of tight money acts generally as complement rather than substitute to bank credit, thus providing empirical support for the redistribution view of trade credit.     

贸易便利化对企业出口国内附加值率的影响——来自中国制造业企业的证据

在构建贸易便利化影响企业附加值贸易的理论框架基础上,文章采用中国制造业企业微观数据,实证检验了贸易便利化对企业出口国内附加值率（DVAR）的影响及其作用机制。研究发现：无论是采用贸易便利化综合指数,还是贸易便利化分领域指标,推进贸易便利化会显著提高企业出口DVAR。同时,相对于中西部企业、中低技术行业企业和本土企业而言,贸易便利化对东部企业、高技术行业企业和外资企业出口DVAR的促进作用更大。进一步机制检验发现,贸易便利化的相对价格渠道降低了企业出口DVAR,但通过成本加成渠道提高了企业出口DVAR,贸易便利化总体上对企业出口DVAR的净效应为正。上述结论意味着,推进贸易便利化改革对于提高企业出口DVAR和出口竞争力具有重要的现实意义。     

Public Export Credit Guarantees and Foreign Trade Structure: Evidence from Austria

Foreign trade is usually not based on cash transactions, but rather sales on credit are the rule. The resulting monitoring costs for lenders and the risk of default on accounts receivable are part of the costs associated with cross‐border goods transactions. Relative to domestic trade credit, cross‐border credit creates trade barriers due to differences in language, business practice, jurisdiction and payment enforceability between trading partners. Export credit insurance has long been a domain of public export credit agencies. Only since the early 1980s private insurance is gaining ground. Using disaggregated panel data for goods exports from Austria over the period 1996 to 2002, we show that public export credit guarantees have a less than proportional positive effect on international trade volume. They predominantly affect the country structure of foreign trade but leave the industry specialisation almost unchanged.     

集群商业信用与出口产品质量——来自中国企业层面的证据

提升出口产品质量是建设贸易强国的重要方面。本文基于中国工业企业数据库和海关数据库2000—2009年的合并数据,研究了城市集群商业信用对我国出口产品质量的影响。研究发现,集群商业信用对出口产品质量具有显著的正向影响,集中体现在促进私营企业和外资企业以及东部地区企业出口产品质量的提升上。具体机制是集群商业信用通过缓解企业融资约束促进了企业出口产品质量的提高。在控制集群企业数目和集聚程度后,结论保持稳健。一系列稳健性检验以及依据企业是否更换经营地点构造拟自然实验检验都证实了本文的基本结论。本文的研究结论是应重视集群商业信用等非正规融资在促进企业出口产品质量提升方面的关键作用。     

Causality Between Corporate Social Performance and Financial Performance: Evidence from Canadian Firms

This study assesses the causal relationship between corporate social performance (CSP) and financial performance (FP). We perform our empirical analyses on a sample of 179 publicly held Canadian firms and use the measures of CSP provided by Canadian Social Investment Database for the years 2004 and 2005. Using the “Granger causality” approach, we find no significant relationship between a composite measure of a firm’s CSP and FP, except for market returns. However, using individual measures of CSP, we find a robust significant negative impact of the environmental dimension of CSP and three measures of FP, namely return on assets, return on equity, and market returns. This latter finding is consistent, at least in the short run, with the trade-off hypothesis and, in part, with the negative synergy hypothesis which states that socially responsible firms experience lower profits and reduced shareholder wealth, which in turn limits the socially responsible investments.     

中国上市公司控股结构与债务融资关系的实证研究

论文以中国五个行业上市公司2005年的横截面数据为样本,通过分析第一大股东终极现金流量权与债务融资比例的经验关系,考察了负债的股权非稀释性和破产机制的治理作用.研究发现,非国有上市公司大股东的终极现金流量权比例与公司债务水平呈一种非线性的倒"U"型关系;而国有上市公司大股东的终极现金流量权比例与公司的债务融资水平则呈一种非线性的"U"型关系.此外,论文并没有发现股权制衡结构能够对大股东控制下的债务融资决策产生影响.