遵义农村地区生活污水处理实践的探讨

在2020年我国全面建成小康社会之际,如何科学高效搞好农村污水治理,补齐水污染防治短板,改善农村生态环境已成为当前急需解决的课题.本文介绍了遵义地区农村生活污水排放情况、遵义地区农村生活污水处理面临的特殊性,探讨了适合遵义地区的农村生活污水处理对策.     

日本农村生活污水治理经验及其对中国的启示

我国农村人口多,生活污水量大,如何提高农村生活污水治理效率、改善农村人居环境治理是现阶段亟需解决的问题。日本通过长达三十年的探索在农村生活污水治理领域取得了巨大成就,学习和借鉴日本农村生活污水治理做法和经验,对我们具有非常重要的借鉴意义。     

湖南农村生活污水合作治理研究

农村生活污水治理是改善农村人居环境,从而促进乡村振兴的重要方面。以湖南省为例,从区域层面和农户层面考察湖南农村生活污水处理现状,研究发现：湖南省农村生活污水处理率偏低,农村大量使用水冲厕所加剧农村黑水的排放强度,农村生活污水资源化利用率较高但呈下降趋势。本文设计基于农户参与的合作治理机制,包括宣传引导机制、经济激励机制和监督惩罚机制,以期为优化湖南省农村生活污水治理措施提供参考。     

农村生活污水治理问题及对策研究

新农村建设引起了人们的高度重视,因而对生态环境提出了更高的要求。新农村建设需要以完善的社会保障和良好的经济为基础,注重环境的综合治理,实现生态环境的可持续发展。目前,农村生活污水成为建设新农村的阻碍,治理生活污水极为重要。论述了农村生活污水的主要来源和治理农村污水的现状,为治理农村污水提出了对策。     

构建农村水质改善长效运维机制

<正>开展农村人居环境整治三年行动以来,我国农村生活污水乱排乱放现象基本得到管控,全国农村生活污水治理率达到25.5%,31个省(自治区、直辖市)相继制定并发布了农村生活污水处理设施水污染物排放标准。总体看,农村生活污水治理取得了一定成效,但治理技术选择与农村生产生活生态实际结合不紧密、长效运行管护机制不适合等问题仍是突出短板,这些问题影响着农村生活污水治理效果,降低了农民群众的获得感幸福感。     

分区分类推进农村生活污水治理

近日,中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅印发实施《农村人居环境整治提升五年行动方案(2021-2025年)》(简称《行动方案》),对新时期推进农村人居环境整治提升工作进行了系统谋划和具体部署.农村生活污水治理是农村人居环境整治提升的突出短板,《行动方案》继续将农村生活污水治理作为"十四五"时期的重点工作,明确了总体要求和具体...     

创新污水治理新模式展现农村面貌新颜值

加强农村生活污水治理,是推进农村人居环境整治的应有之义,是实施乡村振兴战略的重要内容.自被省住建厅列为首批村庄生活污水治理试点以来,丹阳市按照"统一规划布局、统一实施建设,统一组织运营、统一政府监管"的"四统一"工作要求,创新污水治理模式,完善长效管护机制,构建了县域农村人居环境整治的新路径,为持续展现农村"美的景象"夯实了基础.该模式被国务院江苏督查组列为3条典型经验做法之一,受省政府领导批示推广.     

农村污水处理现状与法律规制研究——以广西玉林市为例

随着经济的发展和农村生活水平的提高,农村污水排放量也在不断增加。未经处理的污水直接排放,导致农村生态环境恶化,村落污水横流,严重影响了农村的生态环境和居住环境,尤其危及饮水安全。分析了玉林市农村水资源污染现状,找出了污水产生的原因并提出解决方案,以供参考。     

创新投融资机制 促进农村污水治理

<正>农村生活污水治理是农村环境综合整治的“硬骨头”。随着乡村振兴战略的深入推进，加快补齐农村生活污水治理的短板已成为各地当前刻不容缓的紧要工作。农村污水治理由于规划建设和维护成本较高，不少地方公共财政难以负担，尽管政府投入较多，但农民的认可度仍不理想。江苏省无锡市锡山区引入江苏省环保集团参与农村生活污水治理，     

江苏省太湖流域农村生活污水治理资金保障研究

农村生活污水治理滞后的主要原因是生活污水收集系统和净化设施建设、运营的资金得不到保障。利用已建成并投入运营项目的相关数据,结合江苏省太湖流域农村人口的现状分布,初步估算农村生活污水治理率达到70%的情景下,污水处理设施建设的资金需求,以及设施全部建成后每年的运营和监管费用,分析资金缺口的解决方案,并提出资金保障的政策建议。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.