对地勘经营者实行年薪制应考虑的因素

文章认为 ,对地勘单位经营者实行年薪制有一定的困难 ,但势在必行。文章通过从确定年薪的公平性、经营者市场未形成的局限性、考核指标、年薪由谁确定由谁批准、年薪的期限、经营者的职务消费、评价指标体系和兑现等方面 ,指出了应该考虑的因素并提出了一些解决办法。     

关于建立地勘企业经营者年薪制的思考

文章认为,建立地勘企业经营者年薪制,是建立激励机制的重要一环,也是真正建立地勘企业经营机制的重要一步.笔者结合我国中小企业特别是福建国企经营者年薪制的试点情况,从地勘企业的实际出发,对地勘企业经营者实行年薪制问题进行了初步探索.     

对地勘企业实行经营者年薪制的几点认识

实行经营者年薪制是地勘单位事转企后对经营者一种有效的激励约束机制,文章重点就地勘企业实行经营者年薪制的具体问题提出了意见和建议.     

刍议地质队经营者实行年薪制

地质队经营成败的关键是经营者。实行年薪制,对经营者建立考核、激励机制是促进地质队发展的核心所在。本文认同经营者年薪制由"基本年薪、效益年薪和奖励"三部分构成的提法;结合河北省煤田地质局各地质队的实际,提出了对经营者年薪的考核应以国有资产保值增值为主要考核内容;同时,特别强调更应注重提高职工的人均收入。     

对坚持和完善地勘单位承包经营责任制的意见

本文结合云南省地矿局三年来对地勘单位推行租赁、承包制的情况,论述了搞好治理整顿、完善地勘单位承包经营责任制是当前深化改革的一项重要任务,并对完善承包制应坚持的基本原则,重视经营者的作用和依靠职工群众,规范奖惩办法,兑现承包合同,建立约束机制,加强对承包工作的领导等一些问题提出了意见。     

论地勘单位经营者激励与约束机制

文章认为，按位、责、权、利相对称的原则，建立科学的激励、约束机制，对于规范经营者行为，调动经营者积极性，搞活地勘经济至关重要。就如何建立激励与约束机制作者阐述了自己的意见和建议     

关于建立地勘单位经营者评价指标体系的思考

文章认为 ,造就具有企业家精神的地勘单位经营者 ,涉及选拔经营者和建立对其激励、约束机制两个方面。这两个方面离不开对经营者的评价指标和评价方法。文章就建立评价指标体系应遵循的全面性、科学性、注重实绩、可比性四项原则进行了论述 ,提出评价指标体系应包括潜质评价指标、显质评价指标、业绩评价指标 ,并分别就其评价方法进行了论述。     

关于年薪制若干问题的探讨

随着现代经济的发展,公司规模不断扩大,企业所有权和经营权逐步分离,企业股权进一步分散化,企业高层决策权逐步集中到受过专门训练领取薪金的经营者手中.经营管理专业化成为现代企业的主要特征,同时,委托--代理矛盾也就成了现代企业的主要矛盾之一.为了有效地解决矛盾,资本所有者把专业经营者的努力程度和其报酬结合起来,把所有者收益目标和专业经营者的个人目标联系起来,通过对经营者行为的度量,来建立对经营者有效的激励与约束.年薪制就是这种制衡关系的具体体现.年薪制是以年度为单位确定经营者的基本报酬,并视其经营成果浮动发放风险收入的工资分配制度,它把资本所有者追求利润最大化与企业经营者追求个人效用最大化的目标统一起来.……     

兵团国有企业经营者年薪制问题探析

当前,为实现兵团国有资产保值增值,建立和完善对企业经营者的激励和约束机制,如何在资本所有者与经营者之间建立制衡关系,如何建立起切实有效的激励约束企业经营者行为的年薪制,是兵团国有企业面临的共同问题.本文从年薪制存在的问题入手,提出对兵团国有企业经营者实行年薪制的构想设计及建议,希望能对实践有一定的现实指导意义.     

试论对经营者实施股票期权激励的可行性

本文从建立地勘单位经营者有效的激励约束机制出发,着重探讨了中国冶勘一局对经营者实施股票期权激励的现状、有利条件和基本思路,论证了该局建立股票期权激励的可行性.     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.