FDI对内资汽车企业的影响与对策

近十年来,伴随着FDI的大量流入,中国汽车行业呈现出爆炸式增长,在2010年和2011年连续两年成为世界汽车产销量最大的国家。数据分析表明,FDI在这一进程中对中国内资汽车企业产生了正反两方面的显著影响。一方面,中国自主品牌汽车的市场占有率显著提高,产品质量显著提升;但另一方面,中国内资汽车企业在关键技术和自主研发能力上的欠缺日益显著,核心汽车配件严重依赖于外部购买。因此,中国要成为汽车强国,必须加大研发投入,重视和吸引人才,加强自主研发,特别是汽车零部件的自主研发,不断推进汽车产品的升级和换代。     

FDI对我国制造业部门内资企业技术外溢效应的实证分析——以宁波为例

文章以宁波地区为视角,通过Feder(1982)模型和宁波地区1998年至2007年间的有关数据,实证分析了FDI对我国,尤其是宁波地区制造业部门内资企业技术外溢效应的方向、力度以及传导机制。结果表明,FDI对宁波制造业部门中的内资企业产生了微弱的负向竞争效应,对内资企业的生产和发展带来了一定的冲击压力。基于分析结果,文章深刻剖析了其中存在的实际问题和具体原因,从而提出相应的对策建议,对于宁波制定今后的外资政策具有非常重要的现实意义。     

市场化、FDI与内资企业技术创新——基于Quantile方法的实证研究

本文利用2006-2010年中国大中型工业企业省际面板数据,运用Quantile方法对我国市场化改革过程中的FDI技术溢出机制进行了较为细致的分析.实证结果发现:在控制了市场化因素情况下,FDI对内资企业的技术创新的影响并不显著;国内市场环境的改善能促进FDI技术溢出效率,同时FDI也能促进国内市场环境的改善,但是这种相互作用只有在内资企业技术创新的0.5-0.75分位数时才最明显.     

FDI流入对中国内资企业就业和工资水平影响的计量分析

利用中国2001~2003年经济普查数据,从企业层面就FDI流入对内资企业的就业和工资水平的影响进行实证分析表明:FDI流入对内资企业工资水平的正面效应是非常明显的,但有别于以前结论的是,企业层面FDI流入对就业水平的促进作用并不明显。原因在于外资的进入可能会对内资企业产生挤出效应,从而抵消通过关联效应带来的就业增加。所有制、创新能力和出口倾向也是影响FDI流入对内资企业就业和工资水平产生效应的重要因素。     

FDI对异质性企业的工资影响

文章利用1998-2005年中国工业企业统计数据库,实证检验了异质性企业在FDI进入后的工资效应。实证分析表明:TFP对企业员工工资有显著为正的偏效应,此种效应更多集中在资本密集型和技术密集型行业,而FDI的偏效应则为负,其在劳动密集型行业的负偏效应最大。     

FDI对我国外汇储备影响的实证分析

本文通过建立回归模型,定量测度了FDI对我国外汇储备增长的影响程度。结果表明,我国外汇储备与FDI之间呈非线性相关关系,存在着极显著的指数函数关系。运用回归分析,通过对中国与印度的外汇储备微观结构的比较,分析了中国的FDI对外汇储备影响大的原因。     

FDI对我国贸易出口额影响的实证分析

采用改革开放以来中国统计年鉴和中国对外经济统计年鉴统计的我国贸易出口额的相关数据,对外商直接投资额与产品的出口规模、汇率与出口结构之间的关系做出了定量回归分析。通过计量经济模型分析结果表明,出口额与外商直接投资之间具有显著的线性相关关系,外商直接投资额的迅速增长的确明显促进了我国出口贸易的增长,FDI改善了我国的出口商品结构。最后提出了提高外商直接投资贸易效应,促进结构优化的建议。     

养老保险企业缴费对员工工资、就业的影响分析

本文通过全国名地/市养老保险企业缴费比率随时间的外生变动趋势来识别养老保险缴费对企业的影响。研究得出,在控制样本选择后养老保险企业缴费比例每增加1个百分点,企业将挤出员工工资的0.6%,减少员工福利的0.6%,社会养老保险未使得企业在职工工资与福利之间转换。对员工工资与福利的加总量,养老保险企业缴费比例每增加1个百分点,将使其减少0.7%。对企业雇用人数,养老保险企业缴费比例每增加1个百分点,企业雇用人数将减少0.8%。对不同类型的企业,养老保险的影响存在差异。对低技术水平企业,养老保险企业缴费比例上涨的挤出效应较弱。     

我国利用FDI质量的实证研究——基于FDI企业出口外部性的视角

FDI企业出口外部性即时内资企业出口的影响是衡量东道国利用FDI质量的重要内容,运用回归分析和panel data模型研究FDI企业对内资企业出口数量、结构和竞争力的影响,结果表明:我国在FDI企业出口影响内资企业出口数量方面的FDI利用质量高,而在FDI企业出口影响内资企业出口结构和竞争力方面的FDI利用质量低.     

Labour segregation and immigrant and native-born wage distributions in Spain: an analysis using matched employer–employee data

This article carries out an empirical examination of the origin of the differences between immigrant and native-born wage structures in the Spanish labour market. Special attention is given in the analysis to the role played by occupational and workplace segregation of immigrants. Legal immigrants from developing countries exhibit lower mean wages and a more compressed wage structure than native-born workers. By contrast, immigrants from developed countries display higher mean wages and a more dispersed wage structure. The main empirical finding is that the disparities in the wage distributions for the native-born and both groups of immigrants are largely explained by their different observed characteristics, with a particularly important influence in this context of workplace and, specially, occupational segregation. Hipólito Simón, Esteban Sanromá and Raúl Ramos wish to thank the support received from the Ministerio de Fomento and the Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia through the projects T 75/2006 (Plan Nacional de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación Científica), SEJ2004-05860/ECON and SEJ2005-04348/ECON, respectively. A previous version of this paper was published as an IVIE Working Paper (WP-EC 2007-03).     

全球产业链、区域工资差异与产业升级——对长三角和珠三角产业发展模式的一个比较研究

本文从全球产业链视角,对珠三角和长三角目前发展的差异做了理论分析。研究发现,后发国家或地区在产业链中的位置决定了其相应的工资水平。在工资内生决定的情况下,任何干预工资的外部行为并不能促使其产业升级。研究还发现,后发国家或地区的产业升级具有"囚徒困境"的性质,跨国公司的进入一方面有可能促使其摆脱困境进而升级,另一方面也有可能使其陷入低水平发展陷阱中不能自拔。当后者发生的时候,政府对于企业技术创新或新技术引进的鼓励和补贴有助于本土企业摆脱低水平发展的情形。以上分析同时也指出了珠三角产业升级的重点。     

Wage differences between Austrian men and women: <Emphasis Type="Italic">semper idem?</Emphasis>

In most OECD countries, the wage gap between men and women has narrowed during the past two decades. Developments of the last 20 years, e.g., increased labour market attachment of women or the introduction of equal pay laws, may have reduced the gender wage gap. We investigate the extent, persistence, and socio-economic determinants of the gender wage gap in Austria, for the years 1983 and 1997. Using wage decomposition techniques, we find that the average gender wage gap was almost as high in 1997 as it was in 1983. Not accounting for differences, the gender wage gap dropped from 25.5 to 23.3% of men’s wages. Taking observable differences between men and women into account, we estimate that the mean gender wage gap that cannot be explained, i.e., discrimination against women, dropped from 17 to 14% of men’s wages. A decomposition of the gender wage gap over time indicates that both returns to human capital and less discrimination were responsible for the narrowing of the gender wage gap.

最低工资对中国就业和工资水平的影响

本文以1998—2007年全国各市(地区、自治州、盟)最低工资标准随时间变化的外生差异来识别最低工资上涨与企业平均工资、企业雇佣人数的关系。利用1998—2007年规模以上制造业企业报表数据进行的分析显示,最低工资每上涨10%,制造业企业平均工资将整体上涨0.4%—0.5%。借助2006—2007年福建省最低工资上涨的\"准自然实验\"本文也证实了该结论。对于不同行业、不同人均资本水平的企业,最低工资上涨的影响也存在异质性。最低工资将更多地增加劳动密集型或人均资本较低企业的平均工资。研究还发现,最低工资每增加10%,制造业企业雇佣人数将显著减少0.6%左右。政府在制定最低工资时应权衡其在收入分配上的积极效果以及其对就业的负面影响。     

Bargaining regimes and wages in Portugal

In this paper we analyse the bargaining regime wage-effect in Portugal. The results indicate that the bargaining regime coverage is important in explaining the variability of wages. Wage differentials between bargaining regimes are substantial, a fact which may be related to a decentralised wage setting which prevails in Portugal. The highest wages are generated by multi-firm negotiations and the lowest are generated by sectoral contracts. Single-firm contracts align at an intermediate level in the ranking.Received: April 2001, Accepted: May 2002, JEL Classification: J31Correspondence to: Pedro T. PereiraWe are very grateful to an anonymous referee. Financial support from program PRAXIS XXI under grant PRAXIS/2/2.1/CSH/781/95 and FEDER is acknowledged. The third author also acknowledges financial support from program PRAXIS XXI under grant BD/3486/94 and from the University of the Azores.     

市场歧视对城镇地区性别工资差距的影响

本文使用基于分位数回归的反事实分析方法研究了中国城镇地区的性别工资差距问题,发现了以下三个结论:第一,性别工资差距在工资分布不同位置上存在不对称现象。从横截面数据来看,在工资分布顶端性别工资差距较小,在工资分布末端性别工资差距较大。从时序数据来看,在工资分布顶端性别工资差距越来越小,在工资分布末端性别工资差距越来越大。第二,性别工资差距在横截面数据上表现出不对称现象的原因是,女性在工资分布顶端受到的歧视程度低,在末端受到的歧视程度高。第三,性别工资差距在工资分布末端越来越大的原因是,女性受到的歧视程度越来越高;在工资分布顶端越来越小的原因是,男性和女性个人特征方面(如受教育水平)的差别越来越小。     

Downward wage rigidity and job mobility

Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP) we study whether being individually affected by downward wage rigidity has an effect on layoffs, quits and intra-firm mobility. Within a structural empirical model we estimate the individual extent of wage rigidity. This is expressed by the wage sweep-up, which measures by how much individual wage growth increases through the effect of downward wage rigidity when compared to a counterfactual labour market with flexible wage setting. We find robust negative effects of wage sweep-up on quits and layoffs and some evidence for a positive association of wage sweep-up and promotion opportunities. This is consistent with a core-periphery view of the labour force, where a core work force is protected from layoffs and wage cuts and at the same time enjoys good promotion opportunities. On the other side a peripheral work force provides a buffer for adjustment and suffers from both flexible wages, more insecure jobs and less internal promotion opportunities.      

Parasitic-Industries Analysis and Arguments for a Living Wage for Women in the Early Twentieth-Century United States

This paper examines arguments by activists and economists surrounding attempts to establish minimum wages for women in the United States in the Progressive Era. In particular, the paper focuses on analyses based on Beatrice and SidneyWebbs' argument that industries paying less than a living wage were "parasitic" on the society, a net drain on macro-efficiency. This analysis, widely accepted among economists of the time, viewed women as particularly vulnerable workers facing labor markets that were institutionally constructed and predatory. Unequal gender roles, employer power, and the absence of collective bargaining could all result in wages that were socially unacceptable as well as economically nonoptimal. These debates offer insights for modern feminist wage theories, and for current living wage campaigns.     

Monitoring Wage Developments in EMU

The purpose of this paper is to provide a brief review of aggregatewage developments in the EU member states. We start with a short discussion of wage bargaining mechanisms, their impact on labour market outcomes, and take a look into the crystal ball to learn about possible future developments. Section III analyses nominal wage developments focussing, in particular, on the evolution of cross-country patterns as anindicator for the synchronisation of wage developments. Section IV discusses real wage growth in relation to productivity developments using a somewhat refined 'real wage gap indicator';and Section V simply concludes.