农户小额信贷信用风险控制研究——基于新疆玛纳斯县、吐鲁番市、托克逊县的农户调查

本文基于对新疆玛纳斯县、吐鲁番市、托克逊县农村农户的实地调查,从社会学制度变迁角度,运用博弈分析的方法,研究了农户小额信贷信用风险控制问题。指出影响农户小额信贷信用风险的三个关键因素:1.在农村初步构建起制度信任安排约束的信用工程。2.农村信用社对信贷员激励相容的内控机制设计。3.小额信贷额度控制和联保贷款风险控制技术。     

信用工程对新疆农户小额信贷信用风险的影响

本文基于对新疆玛纳斯县、吐鲁番市、托克逊县农村信用社和农村农户的实地调查,研究了农户小额信贷信用风险控制问题。指出影响农户小额信贷信用风险的最关键因素就是在农村初步构建起制度信任安排约束的信用工程。信用工程为农户构建了信用资本,通过信用社贷款投放规模增加、利率降低、贷款易得性的改善极大地促进了农户福利的增加。     

关于低收入农户小额信贷扶贫有效性研究

农户小额信用贷款是指农村信用社为了提高农村信用合作社信贷服务水平,加大支农信贷投入,简化信用贷款手续,更好的发挥农村信用社在支持农民、农业和农村经济发展中的作用而开办的基于农户的信誉,在核定的额度和期限内向农户发放的不需要抵押、担保的贷款。它适用于主要从事农村土地耕作或者其他与农村经济发展有关的生产经营活动的农民、个体经营户等。笔者于2013年到重庆市荣昌县部分乡镇农村开展了低收入农户小额贷款扶贫有效性研究,本文则以调查为依托研究农户小额信贷扶贫的有效性。     

黑龙江省农信社农村小额信贷可持续发展研究

自我国开始金融体制改革以来,农村小额信贷在完善农村金融服务、切实解决农村融资难问题中起到了关键性的作用。在众多开展农村小额信贷的相关机构中,农村信用社因其合作性、服务性而具有较大的优势,深受农户的欢迎,在完善农村金融的竞争机制和民间资本引导等方面也起到了重要的推动作用。文章主要从黑龙江省农村信用社农村小额信贷的业务现状入手,通过对其相关数据的整理和分析,指出其存在的问题,提出可行性的对策建议,以便其业务开展更加合理、高效、科学。     

关于发展我国农户小额信贷的思考

农村信用社①在全国范围内开展小额农业信贷,对支持三农发展起到了积极的作用。但目前仍然存在一些问题:农村资金外流、小额信贷供给与普遍的小额信贷需求存在巨大缺口。本文介绍了农户小额信贷的起源、发展及在我国的应用情况,揭示小额农贷在普及推广过程中出现的问题,并试图找出合适的解决方法,给出政策建议。     

推行"农户信用百分制"管理促进小额农贷工作创新发展

为解决农村信用社和农户之间信息不对称问题,增强农户信用观念,进一步推广农户小额信用贷款这一农村信贷品牌,发挥农村信用社支农主力军作用,日前,人民银行新晃支行与新晃县农村信用联社联手推出了小额农贷"农村信用百分制"管理办法,取得初步成效.     

小额信贷的可持续性研究

本文从农户的需求来研究表明农村信用社提供的小额信贷既有政策性又有商业性。解决小额信贷可持续发展问题,就要调和小额信贷的商业性和政策性的矛盾;要保持小额信贷资金供给的稳定性,强化农村信用社的服务功能,在法律上给信用社以准确的定性,搞好信用社与政府的关系。     

民族地区农村信用社小额信贷可持续发展的思考——基于贵州省长顺县马路乡小额信贷的调查分析

民族地区农村信用社大力推广农户小额信贷是农村信用社生存竞争、改善经营的需要,是解决农民贷款难、帮助农民增收的需要,是促进农村产业结构调整的需要,是规范农村金融秩序、促进农村信用文化建设的需要。但是在推广过程中,由于小额信贷存在资金供求矛盾大、利率低、期限短、额度小、具有一定风险等问题,限制了民族地区农村信用社小额信贷的可持续发展。文章根据民族地区农村信用社小额信贷存在的问题给出相应的对策建议。     

农村信用社小额贷款风险分析与对策研究

小额信贷在孟加拉获得了显著的成功和发展,解决了部分困难农户的生存和发展问题.20世纪90年代我国政府开展以农村信用社为代表的小额贷款实践,但后续发展乏力,贷款覆盖比例偏低,农村资金供求错位,制约农村资金信贷规模.把农信社小额信贷风险划分为系统风险、管理风险、信用风险以及政策风险,并从系统、管理、政策以度信用方面寻求应对策略,以实现农村信用社小额信贷的特续性发展和壮大.     

农村信用社小额信贷持续经营的相关问题探讨

文章通过简述农村信用社小额信贷的发展现状,针对农村信用社小额信贷的资金供给不足、农村信用社的历史遗留问题、行政干预过多和农户自身的问题等分析制约农村信用社小额信贷持续经营的原因.提出实现农村信用社小额信贷持续经营的路径:采取多种途径增加小额信贷资金、规范地方政府行为、培养高素质的小额信贷从业队伍、建全小额信贷的风险防范和监管机制等.     

Non‐farm Income Diversification in Rural Ghana: Patterns and Determinants

Abstract: Evidence abounds in the rural livelihoods literature that rural households do not only receive a significant proportion of their incomes from non‐farm sources, but also it is a significant source of employment for rural folks. This paper examines the pattern and determinants of non‐farm income diversification in rural Ghana. Results show that off‐farm income constituted 43 percent of rural household income in 2005/6. Female‐headed households tend to have larger off‐farm income shares compared to male‐headed households. Non‐farm income shares followed the same gender pattern albeit less pronounced. Unlike in Latin America and Asia, in rural Ghana, non‐farm self‐employment income is more important than non‐farm wage‐employment income. Regression results show that the gender composition of households, age, education, and access to credit, electricity and markets are important determinants of multiple non‐farm activities and non‐farm income. The findings call for strategies that can help rural households maximize the benefits from income diversification.     

小额信贷对农村居民生活质量的影响分析

基于提升小额信贷绩效,从提高农村居民生活质量角度,选取2002～2006年我国28个省份的地区面版数据,分地区对农户小额信贷提高农民生活质量的绩效进行了定量实证分析。线性回归分析结果表明,小额信贷对中国东部、中部和西部农民生活质量指标人均纯收入有显著的正向影响,对恩格尔系数有显著的负向影响,这说明小额信贷对提高农民生活质量有着显著的作用。本文最后部分在给出结论的基础上为更好地开展小额信贷业务提出相关的政策建议。     

新疆少数民族农民个人教育收益率实证研究——基于新疆6市577户的调研数据

为了解新疆少数民族农民教育收益率的具体情况,本文在新疆六地市农民入户调研数据的基础上,对新疆少数民族农民的受教育程度和收入情况进行了分析,并采用明瑟收益函数方法对新疆少数民族农民的教育收益率进行了计量回归分析。结果发现,农民收入中,外出打工收入对新疆少数民族农民的收入水平具有重要影响;性别差异对新疆少数民族农民的教育收益率影响显著,且整体教育收益率随受教育程度的提高呈近似“u”型结构。而且新疆少数民族农民的收入水平和教育收益率与国内其他农村地区相比存在很大差距。     

The impact of microcredit on women's empowerment: evidence from China

The impact of microcredit on women's empowerment remains controversial, as documented in the microfinance literature. While some studies claim that microcredit helps women increase their income earning abilities, leading to greater power to overcome cultural asymmetries, others contend that small loans allocated to women are usually controlled by their spouses, which results in more severe subordination of women and leaves them more vulnerable to the patriarchy system within the household and/or at society level. This paper evaluates the empowerment impact of microcredit on rural women in China. Logistic regression is employed for empirical analysis and data are collected through a rural household survey. The results confirm that microcredit has a significant impact on five dimensions of women's empowerment, ranging from economic security to awareness of social/legal issues.     

Changing Sources of Household Income,Poverty, and Sectoral Inequality in Sri Lanka, 1990–2006

Comparing dynamic changes in household income and poverty among urban, rural, and estate sectors in Sri Lanka from 1990 to 2006, this study finds that a shift of household income away from farm to nonfarm sources is accompanied by a significant improvement in household income and reduction in poverty, particularly in the rural sector. Major contributing factors are the rise in returns to labor, in general, and educated labor, in particular, due to the development of the nonfarm labor market. Persistently low income among estate households can be explained primarily by the limited availability of nonfarm employment opportunities and the low education levels of working members.     

Nonfarm Employment and Poverty Alleviation of Rural Farm Households in Honduras

This paper analyzes the role of nonfarm income of rural farm households in Honduras. It uses the national income and expenditure survey from 1993 to 1994. Income from nonfarm wage and self-employment represents 16–25% of farm household income and is especially important for middle and higher income strata. Nonfarm wage labor is geographically concentrated in small rural towns and in the industrial free zones located in the Northern region, while self-employment is particularly developed in the Southern region. Access to nonfarm wage employment is confined to educated individuals that belong to large households, while female members of wealthier households are mainly involved in self-employment. Food security is strongly enhanced through the engagement in nonfarm activities. Moreover, nonfarm income enables farmers to purchase external inputs for improving yields and labor productivity. Suitable policies to enhance nonfarm employment include education, training, and technical assistance to reduce labor intensity in agricultural production, as well as public investment and credit services to improve access to nonfarm activities.     

Agricultural Technology, Crop Income, and Poverty Alleviation in Uganda

This paper evaluates the ex post impact of adopting improved groundnut varieties on crop income and poverty in rural Uganda. The study utilizes cross-sectional data of 927 households, collected in 2006, from seven districts in Uganda. Using propensity score matching methods, we find that adopting improved groundnut varieties (technology) significantly increases crop income and reduces poverty. The positive and significant impact on crop income is consistent with the perceived role of new agricultural technologies in reducing rural poverty through increased farm household income. This study supports broader investment in agriculture research to address vital development challenges. Reaching the poor with better technologies however requires policy support for improving extension efforts, access to seeds and market outlets that simulate adoption.     

农户联保贷款的制度优势与缺陷探析

农户联保贷款具有自动瞄准、互相监督、还款共生和培训互助等独特的制度优势。但是,农户联保贷款在我国还存在着排除最贫困农户、小组组建困难、道德风险大和贷款过程繁杂等缺陷。我国应在贷款对象、信用环境、联保小组数量等方面加以完善与改进。     

The role of off-farm employment in the rural energy consumption transition — A village-level analysis in Jiangxi Province, China

Energy consumption in rural areas in China is characterized by high consumption of fuelwood, straw and other biomass. Off-farm employment can play an important role in the transition towards more sustainable sources of energy by increasing rural household incomes and reducing the amount of labor available for biomass collection. The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of off-farm employment on rural household energy consumption choices, and to disentangle the various causal relationships that play a role in this respect. To this end, a hybrid farm household/village computable general equilibrium (CGE) model is used that has been calibrated for a remote village in Northeast Jiangxi Province where fuelwood is the main source of energy. The model takes into account nonseparability of farm household production and consumption decisions as well as linkages within the village between households involved in off-farm employment and households with no members working off-farm. Contrary to previous research for a richer region in rural China, we find that fuelwood is not an inferior good. The positive impact of more food consumption on fuelwood collection more than compensates the higher leisure demand associated with higher incomes. Shifts in production activities and in prices on village factor markets caused by increased labour scarcity (the lost-labour effect of off-farm employment), on the other hand, cause a reduction in fuelwood collection and consumption. This lost-labour effect is much stronger for migration than for local off-farm employment, because the latter can more easily be combined with on-farm work and fuelwood collection. For local off-farm employment the income effect dominates the lost-labour effect, resulting in a positive overall impact of higher off-farm participation on fuelwood consumption. For migration, on the other hand, the income effect and the lost-labour effect are almost equal in size. Hence, the amount of fuelwood collected and consumed does not change much when households participate in migration. The final conclusion is therefore that increased off-farm employment opportunities do not promote the transition of rural energy use in the poorer regions of rural China.     

乡村振兴背景下扶贫小额信贷减贫效应研究

根据收集的400份问卷的数据建立PSM-DID模型来探究扶贫小额信贷政策的减贫效应.研究结果表明,扶贫小额信贷政策有一定的减贫效应,并且得出家庭人均年收入与户主年龄和户主受教育程度成正相关关系,与家庭人口数成负相关关系的结论.