基于清洁发展机制改善能源结构

清洁发展机制是一项双赢机制,发展中国家可通过此获得可持续发展的先进技术和资金,而发达国家也可用技术到发展中国家换取能源,从而大幅度降低其在本国减排的成本.我国作为发展中国家,不承担二氧化碳等温室气体的减排义务.     

农用地温室气体减排对策

温室气体排放导致的全球气候变化给人类社会和经济发展带来了很多问题,本文通过国际农用地利用温室气体减排的经验给我国温室气体减排带来的启示,提出了农用地温室气体减排对策,对相关部门和政府政策的制定与实施具有参考意义。     

中国绿色碳基金建立温州专项

目前，全球正发生着以变暖为主要特征的气候变化，对经济社会的可持续发展和人类自身生存造成了严重危害，已成为人类面临的共同问题。为了应对气候暖化，1992年国际社会签署了《联合国气候变化框架公约》，1997年制定了《京都议定书》，要求发达国家从2008年-2012年，将其温室气体的排放在1990年的基础上，至少减低5．2％。同时，允许发达国家到发展中国家实施减少温室气体排放源（碳源）或增加温室气体吸收汇（碳汇）的项目活动，将实施项目所获得的碳信用额度用于抵减其排放量。     

碳排放权交易机制下提升企业温室气体排放监测报告能力研究

温室气体排放监测、报告与核证（MRV）制度不仅是获取真实准确温室气体排放数据的重要途径,更是进行温室气体减排政策创新、构建基于市场机制的碳排放权交易体系的核心内容。企业作为市场参与的主体,需要不断提升其在温室气体排放监测报告上的能力,以适应市场发展和政策要求。本文在对监测报告制度的理论基础、内涵要求及运行机理进行全面阐述的基础上,分析了我国企业温室气体排放监测报告能力和管理水平建设的现状及面临的主要问题,并提出若干对策建议。     

《京都议定书》-中国的能源、环境和可持续发展

我国的能源短缺在相当程度上是由加工业能耗过高造成的;我国即使不承担温室气体减排国际义务,也要理智对待环境问题;通过计算说明我国每百人拥有小客车9．9辆也是不可思议的事,发展公共交通是我国的唯一选择;建议实施小型乘用车和营运汽车排放权交易;我国应实行适度消费、资源节约型的现代化,发展循环经济;只有实行定量化、可操作化,才可能实现环境、经济的可持续发展。     

关于低碳农业的几点思考

我国是发展中国家中的农业大国,重视减少农业温室气体排放及减排已成当务之急.本文从三个方面强调了低碳农业的重要性,旨在呼应低碳经济,促进现代农业由高碳经济向低碳经济转型,为实现农业的可持续发展献策.     

新《森林法》为我国打击非法木材提供法律依据

正2020年7月1日起将正式实施的新修订《森林法》中,第六十五条明确规定:"木材经营加工企业应当建立原料和产品出入库台账。任何单位和个人不得收购、加工、运输明知是盗伐、滥伐等非法来源的林木"这条规定为我国打击收购、加工、运输非法木材行为提供了更加明确的法律依据,同时也为我国木材经营加工企业履行木材合法性尽职调查义务提供了更加清晰的法律指引。     

“双碳”背景下的中国奶业低碳发展路径研究

畜牧业是全球温室气体排放的重要来源,其中奶牛产业是畜牧业温室气体的重要排放源。如何在碳达峰、碳中和目标下,推动中国奶业温室气体减排降碳,成为制约奶业绿色发展的重要问题。本文立足中国奶牛养殖特点,采用IPCC温室气体排放因子法,测算了2011—2020年中国奶牛温室气体排放总量;分析了西欧奶业发达国家的低碳政策、措施和成效,为中国奶业低碳发展提供了有益的借鉴;并且结合中国奶业低碳化发展趋势分析,预测了2025年和2030年奶牛温室气体排放总量。在此基础上提出了“双碳”背景下的中国奶业低碳发展路径,即以保供给、降排放为核心,加强奶牛减碳育种、推行适度规模和精准饲喂、保障优质牧草有效供给、加快粪污减量减排技术研发等。     

中国大规模发展碳捕捉和封存的SWOT分析

目前碳捕捉和封存(CCS)技术作为一种新的温室气体减排手段受到西方发达国家的热捧。我国作为煤炭生产和消费大国之一,CO_2减排形势相当严峻,大规模发展CCS的呼声在国内也越来越高。运用SWOT分析框架,对我国大规模发展CCS的优势、劣势、机遇和潜在障碍进行了分析。笔者认为尽管CCS在我国大规模发展的条件尚不成熟,还存在着诸多障碍,但前景广阔。目前,我国一方面应加强国际合作,掌握CCS相关核心技术,另一方面应从系统的角度综合分析和评价适合我国能源战略的CCS技术路线,为未来发展预留空间。     

谈谈锯木屑的利用前景

随着林业木材采伐量的不断增加,伴随而来的加工剩余物的数量也相继有增无减。1980年全国木材综合利用率仅为50%左右。吉林省木材综合利用率略高,但与发达国家相比差距还很大。在剩余物中仅粗大的利用了一些,而比较细小的剩余物及锯木屑之类利用得就很少。预计到1990年,吉林省的木材产量可达到650万立方米左右,那时锯末的数量就可达到4.5万立方米,这为锯木屑的利用提供了充足的原料来源。锯木屑的可利用性是很大的,目前国内外对于锯木屑的利用在很多方面已取得一定成果。     

水产养殖碳排量计算模型的研究

自21世纪以来,温室气体排放带来的全球变暖问题已经日渐影响人类的生存,碳减排也成为全世界各国的重要任务,碳汇渔业因其具有的良好碳减排作用应该大力推行发展。然而水产养殖自身的碳排放压力又十分突出,因此建立一个水产养殖碳排量计算模型,了解养殖活动各环节的碳排放量,对于规范和推进渔业的发展有着重要的意义。本文建立了水产养殖碳排放量计算模型,并实证计算了某问卷调查养殖企业的碳排放量,验证了计算模型的可行性。     

The climate change negotiations: the case for differentiation

The major elements of the climate change negotiations since the negotiation in 1995 of the Berlin Mandate to the Framework Convention on Climate Change are outlined and background on the greenhouse effect is provided in this article. It is shown that the same uniform emission reduction target for all countries is inefficient and that such targets would not lead to an equal sharing of the economic burden of achieving a given commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It is concluded that the negotiation of differentiated targets can help to solve this problem.     

Trade liberalisation and greenhouse gas emissions: the case of dairying in the European Union and New Zealand*

The link between trade and the environment has aroused considerable interest both in terms of the impact of trade liberalisation on the environment, and also the impact of environmental policy on production and trade. Of key environmental concern at present is global warming and its association with greenhouse gas emissions. Agriculture is a sector of the economy that both contributes to, and will be affected by, climate change. This paper models the impact of agricultural trade liberalisation on greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture around the world, focusing particularly on the effects on New Zealand, a small economy highly dependent on agricultural trade. A partial equilibrium agricultural multicountry, multicommodity trade model is used for the analysis, extended to include physical production systems and their greenhouse gas emissions. Two simulations are performed: removal of agricultural policies in the EU and in all OECD countries. The results indicate that although producer returns in New Zealand increase, greenhouse gas emissions also increase significantly. EU producers face lower returns but also lower greenhouse gas emissions.     

Impacts of regulating greenhouse gas emissions on livestock trade flows

Policies regulating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are expected to create a significant burden on emitting industries as well as final consumers, which can lead to a strong influence on international trade flows of commodities. This study examines whether the regulation of GHG emissions affects livestock trade flows. A commodity‐specific gravity model approach is employed to estimate and test the impact of regulating GHG emissions on livestock trade flows. The results show that regulation of GHG emissions has a negative effect on livestock trade flows from countries restricting GHG emissions to countries without GHG restriction, from restricting countries to restricting countries, and unrestricting countries to restricting countries.     

日本与欧美农业环境支持政策对中国的启示

农业政策中与环境相关的支付政策越来越多。发达国家将WTO绿箱政策、农业直接支付政策与农业环境支持政策结合起来,这样既可以从根本上解决农业生产所带来的安全问题,也可以加深消费者对相关政策的理解与支持,同时从产业链的上游解决食品安全及农业的可持续发展问题。欧盟的Greening政策和日本实施的农业直接支付政策均以农户遵守农药化肥及农业废弃物处理的相关规范为前提,通过合理使用肥料及各种防治措施从不同程度上达到农业可持续发展、农业的多功能性及降低温室气体排放的目的,并由此获取政府的支持。文章通过对发达国家,特别是与中国农业形态类似的日本农业环境政策取向的分析及与欧美相关政策比较分析,认为中国首先应该完善循环农业的相关法律法规和标准,加强对农民的培训以及明确其应遵守的基本义务,对采取环境友好型农业生产方式的农民给予支持。     

Smallholder farms’ adaptation to the impacts of climate change: Evidence from China’s Loess Plateau

The impacts of climate change on agriculture in developing countries will depend on the extent to which agricultural production in those regions adapts to climate change’s influences. This study uses a whole-farm land use optimisation approach to explore climate change impacts, when including adaptation, on farm profitability, production and associated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the Loess Plateau of northern China. The results show that with adaptation activities, the losses in smallholder farm profitability caused by the climate change could be moderate. Declining rainfall results in land use changes that generate higher on-farm GHG emissions with the most economically beneficial adaptations. With 5 % or 10 % decline in annual rainfall, the introduction of agricultural carbon tax would generate substantial reduction in on-farm GHG emissions. With 30 % rainfall reduction, agricultural carbon tax is not likely to bring about considerable emission reduction. The economically optimised land uses are generally sensitive to potential changes. When rainfall reductions appear, there is a clear trend toward reducing cropping area and transiting to pasture. With 5–10% rainfall reductions, increasing agricultural carbon tax with same rainfall reduction leads to the expansion in cropping enterprises. However, with 30 % rainfall reduction, land allocations are not sensitive to agricultural carbon tax. When with declining annual rainfall, in the optimal enterprises more oats-pasture rotations are employed to reduce wheat dominated rotations. Besides land use patterns, adaptations through altering farm management practices are also necessary. The economically optimised sheep flock would be increased considerably with declining rainfall. Overall, policymakers are suggested to initial more educational schemes to tell smallholder farmers how to make the best use of available adaptation strategies and consider changes in climate when design and implement agricultural policy.     

碳税与碳税政策分析

近年来,随着全球自然灾害的频发,气候环境问题被越来越多的人们所重视。而CO2等温室气体的排放导致气候变化也逐渐成为公认的事实。各国在制定经济发展政策时必然面临巨大的气候变化挑战。纵观世界范围,当前通过市场机制控制温室气体排放的途径,不外乎分为两类:排放额的控制及排放物价格的控制。前者主要表现为建立碳排放市场发展碳排放交易体系;而后者主要表现为碳税的征收。在理论上,碳税通过发挥其控制和激励两大功能,通过经济手段减少CO2的排放;但在实际执行过程中同时也必须考虑如何降低征收成本,加强监管力度以及解决信息不对称等不可避免的问题。文章在学习参考国内外学者关于碳税政策研究的基础上,论述了碳税政策的理论基础、执行过程以及税收收入的分配状况,并分析该政策的利弊得失。     

Increasing agricultural productivity while reducing greenhouse gas emissions in sub‐Saharan Africa: myth or reality?

The motivation for this study stems from two major concerns that are interlinked. The first is the decades long food insecurity crisis faced by sub‐Saharan African (SSA) countries which is still prevalent. The second is the negative impact greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agriculture may have on future food production and which is likely to worsen the food insecurity problem. The conundrum SSA farmers face is how to increase food output through productivity growth while minimizing GHG emissions. To measure changes in productivity growth and GHG emissions, this study evaluates the agricultural performance of 18 SSA countries by utilizing the Malmquist–Luenberger index to incorporate good and bad outputs for the years 1980–2012. The empirical evidence demonstrates that productivity is overestimated when bad outputs are not considered in the production model. The analysis provides a better understanding of the effectiveness of previous mitigation methods and which informs an appropriate course of action needed to achieve the twin objectives of increasing agriculture productivity while reducing GHG emissions.     

Australia's consumption‐based greenhouse gas emissions

We use data from the World Input‐Output Database in a multiregional input–output model to analyse Australian consumption‐based greenhouse gas emissions for the years 1995 to 2009. We find that the emission content of Australian macroeconomic activity has changed over the 15‐year period. Consumption‐based emissions have been growing faster than production‐based emissions since 2001. We show that emissions embodied in Australian imports are increasingly becoming a significant source of emissions. We investigate emissions in Australian imports and find that increased trade with China contributed substantially to the increase in Australia's consumption emissions. China was the largest exporter of emissions to Australia and accounted for almost half of emissions embodied in Australian imports since 2002. The growth of trade with China coincides with the increase in imported emissions as well as the increase in aggregate consumption emissions. Our results suggest that tracking consumption emissions together with production emissions provides a more complete picture of Australian emissions.     

FELLOWS ADDRESS California Dreaming: The Economics of Renewable Energy

California was the first jurisdiction to mandate a reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 80% below 1990 levels by 2050. This target was subsequently endorsed by the G8 in 2009 and the European Commission in 2014, and is the guiding principle of the 2015 Paris Agreement. To achieve these targets will require near elimination of fossil fuels and/or a technological breakthrough that might be considered a black swan event. Eschewing nuclear power, countries are relying on renewable energy sources to meet future energy needs. In this paper, I examine the prospects of reducing GHG emissions by 80% by first summarizing extant global energy sources and production, trends, and projections of energy demand, and the potential mix of future energy sources. I consider the role of conservation and then focus on the electricity sector to determine how wind and biomass could contribute to the 80% target. I conclude that these ambitious targets cannot be attained without nuclear power.