Beyond the Business Case: An Ethical Perspective of Diversity Training

Extant literature on diversity training programs continues to yield little evidence of their overall effectiveness. Whereas the most common approach to diversity training entails justifying the value of diversity on the basis of its contribution to the organization's bottom line, we argue that approaching diversity training from an ethical perspective may bolster the effectiveness of traditional approaches. Specifically, to the degree that traditional bottom‐line justifications are enhanced with social justice arguments, training effectiveness will increase. In the following article, we discuss traditional approaches to diversity training, provide a general overview of ethics, discuss how theory and research from behavioral ethics literature might help to address some of the challenges faced in diversity training, and draw from ethics literature to make specific, novel suggestions about the implementation and presentation of diversity training.     

Approaching evaluation from a multilevel perspective: A comprehensive analysis of the indicators of training effectiveness

We propose a multilevel framework that addresses the criteria that can be used to assess training effectiveness at the within-person, between-person, and macro levels of analysis. Specifically, we propose four evaluation taxa—training utilization, affect, performance, and financial impact—as well as the specific evaluation metrics that can be captured to examine the facets of each taxon. Our multilevel framework also clarifies the appropriate level of analysis for assessing each criterion variable and articulates when it appropriate to aggregate responses from a lower level of analysis to assess training effectiveness at a higher level of analysis. Finally, we illustrate how training evaluation criteria are interrelated because understanding constructs' nomological network is essential for gauging the depth of knowledge that can be inferred by any evaluation effort.     

创建实训“教学工厂”的思考

为了贴近高职教育注重职业道德、侧重对知识的实际应用以及综合能力的培养,借鉴新加坡南洋理工学院林靖东先生的"教学工厂"理念,提出创建实训"教学工厂"的一些思考。文章以车工这一工种为例,从情景教学、理论教学和结合生产三个方面提出了创建"教学工厂"的实施思路。     

和谐医患关系模型设计与分析

医患关系和谐有赖于医学伦理道德体系的重建,只有从医学伦理道德体系上创设一个互助友爱的氛围,才可能从根本上改善医患关系。本文在医学伦理道德的基础上,分析了当前医患关系建设与医学伦理道德认知存在的问题,并构建了使双方获益的模型设计与分析。     

The renewed ‘American Challenge’: a review of employment practice in US multinationals

Despite the extensive literature concerned with IR practice in American multinational companies (MNCs), there are serious gaps in our understanding of how this group of firms manages their international workforces. In this paper, we set out a framework of ‘four key influences’ on the way MNCs approach the management of labour and go on to use this framework to assess existing literature concerned with US MNCs. While this review reveals a number of general tendencies—for example, American MNCs tend to be highly centralised in the decision making on IR matters—it also reveals a number of gaps and weaknesses. In particular, we argue that previous research has failed to develop a convincing understanding of how the ‘embeddedness’ of US MNCs in their country of origin informs the behaviour of these firms as employers outside the USA. The paper ends by outlining a programme of research into US MNCs.     

Exploring a possible route through which training affects organizational performance: the case of a Greek bank

Despite the dithyramb on training found throughout the literature, its impact on organizational performance still remains a ‘black box’ yet to be unlocked. Indeed, neither the intervening process nor the factors that mediate training effectiveness have been substantively explored or linked together in a framework. In this paper, gaining insights from the concept of the balanced scorecard and using the service profit chain as a strategy map, an attempt is made to formulate a casual linkage value chain that highlights one possible route through which training can impact organizational performance. Using a predictive design, data were collected from multiple sources (employees, customers, and the bank's financial records) and raters from a sample of 30 branches of a Greek bank. The findings confirmed a framework illuminating a value exchange process ignited by training. More precisely, the results suggested that a formal, structured, and long-term approach to training, as well as certain pre- and post-training conditions and activities, improve training effectiveness by creating positive perceptions about the training's value. The generated for employees value results to higher levels of job satisfaction which boosts employee loyalty, creating in this sense value for the organization. This value is reflected to customers, in terms of better service quality, and reciprocated to the organization through higher customer satisfaction and branch loyalty leading to improved profitability at the branch level.     

Toward a Framework of Leader Character in Organizations

While the construct of character is well grounded in philosophy, ethics, and more recently psychology, it lags in acceptance and legitimacy within management research and mainstream practice. Our research seeks to remedy this through four contributions. First, we offer a framework of leader character that provides rigor through a three‐phase, multi‐method approach involving 1817 leaders, and relevance by using an engaged scholarship epistemology to validate the framework with practicing leaders. This framework highlights the theoretical underpinnings of the leader character model and articulates the character dimensions and elements that operate in concert to promote effective leadership. Second, we bring leader character into mainstream management research, extending the traditional competency and interpersonal focus on leadership to embrace the foundational component of leader character. In doing this, we articulate how leader character complements and strengthens several existing theories of leadership. Third, we extend the virtues‐based approach to ethical decision making to the broader domain of judgement and decision making in support of pursuing individual and organization effectiveness. Finally, we offer promising directions for future research on leader character that will also serve the larger domain of leadership research.     

Acculturation,coping, and integration success of international skilled migrants: An integrative review and multilevel framework

In this article, we review the limited but growing body of research on international skilled migrants and examine to what extent knowledge generated in adjacent research streams—specifically, work on assigned and self‐initiated expatriates—can be meaningfully applied to aid our understanding of the challenges, coping strategies, and acculturation dynamics of skilled migrants. We develop a framework that explains how variables and processes at multiple levels (individual, organisational, and societal) influence migrant acculturation and coping and result in integration‐related outcomes in the domains of personal/family life and workplace/career. We discuss directions for future research and implications for practice.     

Being leader in global citizenship at the information technology age

Information technology sheds a light for the personal and professional development of human beings. In this respect, there is an intensified need for people to upgrade their skills for adapting themselves to the new century. This research aims to evaluate potential of higher education students on leadership. Qualitative research nature was conducted to the research. Thematic analysis was done to analyze data and themes are revealed. Research results revealed that continuos innovation, level of master by developing continually, creating originality relating to itself, obeying the ethics rules are potential to be leader and global citizenship at the information technology age.     

Current issues and future directions in simulation-based training in North America

A number of emerging challenges including globalization, economic pressures and the changing nature of work has combined to create a business environment that demands innovative, flexible training solutions. Simulations are a promising tool for creating more realistic, experiential learning environments to meet these challenges. Unfortunately, the current literature on simulation-based training paints a mixed picture as to the effectiveness of simulations as training tools, with most of the previous research focusing on the specific technologies used in simulation design and little theory-based research focusing on the instructional capabilities or learning processes underlying these technologies. This article examines the promise and perils of simulation-based training, reviews research that has examined the effectiveness of simulations as training tools, identifies pressing research needs, and presents an agenda for future theory-driven research aimed at addressing those needs.     

A framework for developing word fragment completion tasks

To broaden our understanding of the person-based phenomena that impact organizational behavior, researchers are increasingly making use of implicit measures. Explicit measures tap affect, attitudes, and self-concepts that are accessible to introspective awareness, which are sometimes unreliable or distorted by response biases. In contrast, implicit measures assess mental content and processes that operate outside awareness. Unfortunately, the ad hoc manner in which implicit measures are sometimes developed is problematic. As a way of improving research on implicit content and processes, we present a detailed and practical framework for developing one type of implicit measure: word fragment completion tasks. Such tasks have been successfully used to measure a variety of individual difference variables in previous organizational research. Our framework draws on previous research and well understood psychometric principles to describe a process for creating reliable and valid word fragment completion tasks.     

Market conditions and worker training: How does it affect and whom?

This paper analyses the impact of labor market conditions on a firm's incentive to train its workers. In an equilibrium model of the labor market in which firms use both untrained and in-house-trained workers, we show that the incidence of training increases with the tightness of the labor market. In a multi-sector framework, the usual threat of hold-up by a trained worker is more severe for workers who change their sector of work; during downturns, this serves to bias firms' incentives in imparting training away from such workers and towards workers already in the firm and those new workers coming from the same sector. Evidence from the NLSY confirms both predictions—the incidence and duration of company-sponsored training is adversely affected by higher unemployment rates; furthermore, this negative effect is much stronger for workers who change industries as compared to those who do not.     

Does it matter where to conduct training? Accounting for cultural factors

Training is an important function of human resource management. However, prior research about the relation between culture and training mostly focuses on a particular region, uses a few single case studies or examines only one or a few dimensions of culture at a time. We believe a more holistic and systematic approach is warranted. To address this need, we provide a theoretical framework which proposes that cultural factors affect training effectiveness via (1) contents and methods, (2) selection of trainers, and (3) learners' motivation, valence and learning style. In the context of cross-cultural training, we also reason that the congruence between parent and host culture influences training process and effectiveness. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.     

当代艺术设计的价值理念创新研究

设计艺术在视觉审美上应符合最普遍的审美规律和原则,无论这种审美观念是来源于专业的各种视觉艺术训练,还是来源于个人对造型、虚实、空间等的视觉原理上的认知和体验。当代设计师需要兼并经济利益和伦理学来树立正确的价值观,从而进行更高层次的艺术设计,来满足当代设计的发展需要。作为艺术设计主体的设计师,其核心价值取向可为设计艺术发展与研究提供借鉴和指导。在艺术核心价值系统的框架下,设计师从创新的角度来满足人们最基本的需求,做到设计的价值取向更倾向于实用性、承受性、宜人性等。     

我国第三方物流企业发展与物流人才培养策略

高素质物流人才是我国第三方物流企业发展的关键因素。本文通过对第三方物流企业人才知识与能力素质要求的分析,将培养对象分为"潜在"和"现有"两大主体类型。高等学校系统的课程体系设置是"潜在"物流人才培养质量和水平的关键要素。"现有"物流人才的培养,应建立以企业内部培训为主、外部培训为辅的双层培训体系;积极发挥相关行业协会的作用;建立健全"培训和从业资格认证制度"以及相应的认证体系。     

Strategies for Improving Codes of Ethics Implementation in Construction Organizations

It is necessary to reconsider the assumptions upon which the process of implementing compliance with ethical programs rests, in both theoretical and practical terms. These assumptions should hinge on organizational enablers that allow embeddedness of codes of ethics in the web of an organization's processes. This article sets out to describe an approach that will facilitate implementation of codes of ethics in construction organizations and a comprehensive literature survey approach is adopted to achieve this. The paper equally employs the application of the European Foundation for Quality Management (EFQM) model as a tool to stimulate ethical behavior in an organization, with the focus on the enabler criterion of the model. The authors discuss organizational enablers in relation to the implementation of ethical codes. The study demonstrates how ethics can be managed in an organization by proposing a framework to enhance codes of ethics embeddedness in the web of an organization. The paper indicates current research gaps and future opportunities for both academics and practitioners.     

Commitment Strategies for Sustainability: How Business Firms Can Transform Trade‐Offs Into Win–Win Outcomes

This paper addresses a fundamental problem in corporate sustainability: How can corporations transform trade‐offs through win–win‐oriented governance strategies aimed at creating value? Drawing on new strands of research in business ethics, we employ an ‘ordonomic’ perspective and proceed in four steps. First, we sketch how sustainability semantics has evolved historically from a societal searchlight to a heuristics for business practice. Second, we discuss how business firms can make strategic use of moral commitments as governance contributions by deploying individual or collective self‐commitments as well as commitment services in their stakeholder relations. Third, we combine these four governance strategies with the three ESG (‘ecological, social and governance’) criteria of sustainability. We derive and illustrate with real‐life examples a 12‐box matrix as a tool for the strategic management of corporate sustainability. Fourth, we discuss the specific contribution of our ordonomic approach to the literature. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment     

When Do Employees Cyberloaf? An Interactionist Perspective Examining Personality,Justice, and Empowerment

Cyberloafing—using the Internet for non‐work‐related activities—is a prevalent counterproductive work behavior in the workplace, but researchers have not yet paid sufficient attention to this issue, especially related to the role of personality in cyberloafing. Recognizing such a research gap, and using a trait activation theory framework, this study examines whether conscientiousness and emotional stability negatively relate to cyberloafing. We further investigate how organizational justice perceptions and psychological empowerment moderate the negative relationship between these personality traits and cyberloafing. Based on a sample of 247 employees, we find that those high in conscientiousness cyberloaf less when they perceive greater levels of organizational justice. In addition, highly conscientious individuals cyberloaf less when they have low, rather than high, levels of psychological empowerment. Implications for research and practice as well as future research directions are discussed. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

A moral principles framework for human resource management ethics

This paper argues that the analysis of ethical issues in human resource management is legitimate and important. It argues that the theory of ethical relativism should be rejected and that it is meaningful to search for universal moral principles. It then presents a comprehensive framework for making judgments about human resource management ethics that consists of five complementary moral principles that have been developed and studied by philosophers: utilitarian ethics, rights ethics (using Kant's categorical imperative), distributive justice ethics, care ethics, and virtue ethics. It illustrates the application of the moral framework by analyzing the ethics of deceiving employees about the hazardous nature of chemicals in the workplace, the ethics of discrimination in employment, and the ethics of sexual harassment.     

Ethnic diversity,corruption and ethical climates in sub-Saharan Africa: recognizing the significance of human resource management

Most experts agree that human resource management plays a critical role in furthering ethics. The human resource management function can play an instrumental role in creating an ethical culture. However, a literature review shows that researchers have mostly ignored ethics in the African context. Given the growing importance of Africa in terms of global trade, it is critical to study ethics on the continent. This paper documents an exploratory study of ethical climates in sub-Saharan Africa. We develop propositions linking key social institutional factors, i.e. ethnic diversity and corruption, with three types of ethical climate, i.e. self-interest, benevolence and principle. The propositions are empirically investigated using a qualitative case study approach in five companies in Nigeria and South Africa. The results provide varying support for these propositions and highlight the critical role that both the national context and the organizational context play in shaping ethical climates in companies. Furthermore, given the role of human resource management in managing both ethnic diversity and ethics, we discuss the implications of our results for this critical management function.