Shaping urban transport policies in China: Will copying foreign policies work?

After decades of rapid economic growth, Chinese cities now face serious urban transport challenges, such as congestion, air pollution, energy shortage, and global climate change. Efficient and equitable urban transport policies are essential to China’s sustainable development, in which urbanization plays a critical role. Can Chinese cities solve these challenges by copying or modeling the policies of other nations? This paper argues that understanding the unique contexts of Chinese cities is necessary for predicting whether policies implemented elsewhere will perform well in China. The study explores four examples of hotly contested urban transport policies. The previous experience of each policy is compared with its likely efficiency and distributional consequences in China. Specific attention is paid to how the policy context – the spatial and institutional characteristics of the Chinese cities – can affect the adoption of foreign urban transport policies in China. Suggestions regarding the four policies are proposed to policy makers, followed by conclusions and discussions.     

Estimating congestion toll by using traffic count data — Singapore's area licensing scheme

There are many studies on the Area Licensing Scheme in Singapore. One of the debatable issues is whether or not the congestion toll of $3 is too high. The main objective of this paper is to develop a simple method for estimating the congestion toll by directly using the commonly available traffic count data. In our sensitivity analysis, we use three different scenarios on the choice of the value of travel time savings and four different measures of average wage rates (the national average wage rate the average wage rate for car owners with or without taking into consideration of employment benefits, and the average wage rate per car derived from the average occupancy per car). The sensitivity analyses led to a general conclusion that by 1990, the $3 fee was not too high. We also highlight the fact that it is possible to iterate to the optimal congestion toll by comparing the theoretical congestion toll with the actual toll even when the demand curve is unknown. ©     

Overseas Visitor Deaths in Australia: 1997–2000

Reassuring visitors about their health and safety is particularly important for tourist destinations since the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001. This study examined the deaths of 1513 overseas visitors to Australia over a four-year period, and found that most deaths (76%) were due to natural causes. Among the accidental deaths, the main causes were motor vehicle crashes and water-related incidents. The study findings support a widely held view that Australia is a safe destination for overseas visitors. It also provides a safety benchmark for other tourist destinations.     

Self-reinforcing motorization: can travel demand management take us out of the social trap?

Motorization is a self-reinforcing process, which involves positive feedback. Using a simple model of bi-modal transportation system, it is shown that a transportation system may eventually be dominated by the automobile, or may equilibrate at a grossly inefficient point due to social dilemmas associated with automobile use. Furthermore, in areas with well-developed public transit, road capacity addition can be detrimental not only to the public transit but also to the automotive transportation. Travel demand management (TDM) measures are conceived in this study as mechanisms to prevent the divergence of the motorization process away from a social optimum due to its positive feedback and social dilemmas. A simple model of bi-modal transportation system and a cellular automata model of individuals’ TDM compliance behavior are combined in the study to see how TDM measures that rely on individuals’ voluntary cooperation may be effective. Results of simulation analyses based on the model are presented.     

Min–Max exact and heuristic policies for a two-echelon supply chain with inventory and transportation procurement decisions

We study the problem in which one supplier delivers a product to a set of retailers over time by using an outsourced fleet of vehicles. Since the probability distribution of the demand is not known, we provide a Min–Max approach to find robust policies. We show that the optimal Min-Expected Value policy can be very poor in the worst case. We provide a Min–Max Dynamic Programming formulation that allows us to exactly solve the problem in small instances. Finally, we implement a Min–Max Matheuristic to solve benchmark instances and show that it is very effective.     

Trends in vehicle kilometres of travel in world cities, 1960–1990: underlying drivers and policy responses

Increases in private motorised urban vehicle kilometres of travel are shown to arise from population growth, urban sprawl, increased car ownership and decreases in vehicle occupancy. In particular, the worldwide increase in urban mobility since 1960 has been the direct result of increased affluence and the consequent greater accessibility of private motor vehicles, as well as population growth. Urban sprawl has significantly less influence, although it has been significant in USA, Canadian and Australian cities. Despite this, a number of cities have shown that clear policy initiatives can contain the growth of urban private motorised mobility.     

1960MPa缆索“吊起”虎门二桥

随着悬索桥主跨跨径的增大,主缆的自重呈非线性加速增长,导致主缆材料强度用以承担其自身重量的比例增大,用于承担使用荷载的比例相对减小,承载效率降低,因此,提高主缆强度、减轻自重成为突破更大跨径的关键。由广东省交通运输厅组织实施的"1960MPa悬索桥主缆索股技术研究"于2009年启动,该项目依托虎门二桥工程,深入研究了盘条合金组分、连铸偏析、索氏体化技术,钢丝拉拔、热镀锌铝技术,索股锚固、预成型等关键技术。其研究成果总体达到国际领先水平。     

Air transport and tourism – a systematic literature review (2000–2014)

This paper reviews the literature at the intersection between air transport and tourism research. While air transport and tourism are mutually dependent sectors, there is little research on their interaction. A systematic literature review method was used to select and analyse relevant journal articles published in 54 Australian Business Dean Council (ABDC) A*, A, or B-ranked journals from 2000 to 2014. Research themes, leading researchers, their institutions, and geographical locations are discussed. An extended framework for classification of the literature is developed through the content and thematic analysis. Among the identified research themes, ‘environment’, ‘passengers’, and ‘airlines’ are found to be the most common. The use of a systematic review has identified gaps in the literature and directions for future studies. Some of the identified areas that are showing a growing interest in the interrelationship between aviation and tourism include air route/service development; passenger experiences; low-cost carriers and their impact on tourism; implications of new direct long-haul flights; and carbon offsets.     

The ‘Zest of Adventure’ in Australian Overland Narratives, 1920–2000

This paper is part of a broader research project which examines the history of leisure motor touring in Australia from the 1920s to 2004. At the core of this piece is an examination of the way adventure is presented in three non-fiction narratives that span 80 years. By considering different points in time the impact of the developing tourist infrastructure, improvements to roads and growing knowledge of the landscape, on the constructs of adventure can be seen. Yet, despite fundamental cultural shifts the lure and zest of adventure continued to function as a means of framing the overland experience. The narratives reveal the subjective nature of adventure and how it can be repackaged and re-presented at specific historical moments.     

美国天主教徒生育限制革命:1960-1975

本文以 196 0 - 1975年间美国社会广泛存在的节育行为的世俗化为切入点 ,探讨美国天主教徒在生育限制领域里对教会教义的反叛 ,并就天主教会权威受到的冲击进行分析和评价 ,以说明宗教世俗化的不可避免。     

Gentrification and the evolution of commuting behavior within America's urban cores, 2000–2015

This study examines recent changes (2000 - ~2015) in the socio-economic/demographic make-up of U.S. urban cores (UCs), and potential associations with commuting behavior including mode and time. Based on a sample of 101 UCs and their encompassing urbanized areas (UAs), the data suggest that UCs have undergone substantial demographic change during the first fifteen years of the 21st century, with key attributes of gentrification on the rise. At the same time, commuting via transit has declined faster within UCs than within their encompassing UAs, while the proportion of workers working from home and cycling to work grew faster than any other mode. Using data from the U.S. Census Bureau's decennial census and American Community Survey (ACS), a series of longitudinal regression models indicated several significant associations between common indicators of gentrification, including proportion of white/non-minority residents, home owners, young adults (18–39), household income, and proportion of college graduates, and changes in non-automotive commute modes (i.e. walking, cycling, transit). This may have implications for transportation infrastructure and policy as urban neighborhoods in the U.S. continue to undergo socio-economic/demographic change.     

Reviewing Thailand's master plans and policies: implications for creative tourism?

This article contributes to an understanding of how creative tourism is perceived on a national level, by using Thailand as a case analysis. The primary objective of this article is to investigate Thailand's plans and policies for the creative economy at both national and ministry levels in relation to creative tourism. It also identifies how a national strategic plan can provide a blueprint for individual agency master plans to provide policy support for the development of the creative economy in the tourism sector. Thailand is chosen as an example of how government and related agencies can contribute to a national creative tourism movement in the country, especially in the light of the Tourism Authority of Thailand branding campaign to stimulate creative tourism to the destination. The qualitative research methodology through content analysis is used to scrutinise the plan and policy contents from the selected government agencies. The results demonstrate a better view of how creative tourism is positioned in the Thailand context and contribute to a policy study on the creative economy in the tourism sector as well as in creative tourism.     

Bussing between hegemonies: the dominant ‘frame’ in Oxford's transport policies

In 1972, a revolution in local transport policy in Oxford resulted in the dominant doctrine of the previous 30 years—providing for car use—being replaced by an alternative policy ‘frame’ focussed around the promotion of bus use. Although subsequently challenged in the 1970s and 1980s, the pro-bus policy community remained sufficiently strong to implement a further level of bus-oriented policy in the 1990s. Bus use in Oxford has returned to levels not observed since the 1960s, against a trend of decline nationally. The present paper examines how the policy problems came to be framed around the bus and how the frame evolved to accommodate changes in the funding and regulation of public transport. The extent to which the Oxford experience informs future policy-making towards demand management in urban areas is considered and the explanatory value of the concept of framing is revisited.     

Invisible commuters: assessing a university’s eco-friendly transportation policies and commuting behaviours

To assess the efficacy of a private university’s environmentally friendly transportation policies, we administered a transportation and energy-use phone survey to a random sample of faculty, non-professional staff, and off-campus students. Statistical findings confirm that our sample population exhibits the Environmental Attitudes & Behaviours (A-B) and Behaviours & Behaviours (B-B) Splits observed in past studies. Those most likely to report environmentally friendly attitudes/behaviours are also the most likely to commute longer distances and in larger cars. Moreover, the least-compensated university sub-population, non-professional staff (i.e., office support, grounds keepers), is significantly more likely to contribute to a dramatically larger per-capita percentage of the university’s carbon footprint from commuting. University pro-environment transportation alternatives at the time of this study did not consider directly this commuter sub-group’s structural disadvantages. This incongruence in goals and execution reflects an institutional variant of the A-B Split explained by the New Institutionalism perspective.     

The Aotearoa Traditional Maori Performing Arts Festival 1972–2000. A Case Study of Cultural Event Maturation

This article describes the history of the Aotearoa Traditional Maori Performing Arts Festival between the years of 1972–2000. It reveals a series of tensions between a need to express a cultural identity and financial constraint, between a wish for expressing independence, and a subsequent dependency upon state grants, between the traditional and the contemporary in performance. The history also shows the significance of key personalities. Yet through these discourses has emerged a successful and important Festival that attracts increasing numbers of participants and which is a dynamic component of Maori culture in contemporary New Zealand. A significant tourism event, by reason of primarily appealing to Maori it still, to a large extent, lies outside of the conventional tourism structures of New Zealand, dominated as these are by overseas visitors and non-Maori New Zealand domestic demand. Yet its very success is bringing it to the attention of a wider market, with all that implies for possible future development. The article also proposes dimensions of festival evolution and maturation.     

Efficiency of logistics land use: The case of Yangtze River Economic Belt in China, 2000–2017

Based on panel data for 113 municipal cities between 2000 and 2017, we examined the spatial-temporal patterns of the output efficiency of logistics land use and its possible determinant factors in the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YEB) of China. The stochastic frontier analysis revealed that the average annual value of logistics land use efficiency (LLUE) in the YEB increased from 0.547 in 2000 to 0.655 in 2017. The Tobit model revealed that all the explanatory variables had positive and significant relationship with the LLUE, with the exception of the tertiary sector and informatization. Importantly, Tobit models of three sub-samples revealed various development stages in the logistics industry across space: downstream cities may reach the plateau of LLUE through organic growth, while an increase in the land supply for logistics use could still be associated with an improvement of the LLUE of a logistics industry located upstream. Finally, we deduced that the inflection point of LLUE for organic growth in logistics land use in the YEB could be between 0.59 and 0.69 during the study period (or between 0.64 and 0.73 in 2017). It is inefficient for urban planners to increase land zoning for logistics use to pass the point of positive marginal return to the economy.     

Network concentration and airport congestion in a post de-regulation context: A case study of Brazil 2000–2010

This paper empirically investigates the main drivers of airline network concentration in an air transport market subject to rapid growth. We consider the Brazilian air transport industry of the 2000s, in which network concentration rapidly increased and was followed by a period of massive flight delays and cancelations, which resulted in the “big blackout” of 2006–2007. We develop an econometric model of network concentration, accounting for demand, cost and competition variables that may affect the propensity of carriers to concentrate flights and passenger connections on a few airports of a network. The main focus of the paper is on the relation between networks leading to the problems of the blackout episode. We investigate the dynamic pattern of the evolution of concentration before and after the abnormal period of operations and find that concentration began to rise at least six quarters before, and persisted at a high level until two quarters after the blackout – and then plunged steeply toward the end of the decade. We believe that our analysis contributes to an improved understanding of the behavior of air transport systems subject to network concentration and congestion. With respect to methodology, we suggest and employ the use of alternative measures of network concentration to check the robustness and validity of our results.     

2000年铁路工作要点

本刊记者自2000年1月全国铁路工作会议获悉,今年我国铁路要重点抓好以下几项工作:1　加大改革力度,推进结构调整和企业重组进一步落实和完善资产经营责任制。铁道部要进一步强化为市场主体服务的意识,处理好运输集中统一指挥与铁路局自主经营的矛盾,进一步改进和完善运输?..     

重庆机场春运将加班2000架次

本刊讯 从重庆机场获悉,今年春运,重庆机场加班总量将达2000架次,加班航线主要以重庆至东南沿海及华东方向航线为主。目前部分航空公司的加班航班已陆续进入电脑销售。     

2000年全路运输形势分析

从客运和货运两方面分析了 2 0 0 0年铁路运输面临的有利形势和不利形势 ,做出了客货运量预测。