What Are SEC Football Tickets Worth? Evidence from Secondary Market Transactions

Tickets to sporting events are highly differentiated—seat location, date and time of the game, and home‐team and opponent qualities make each ticket unique. Preferences also differ nontrivially across fans, all of which make the supplier's pricing problem complex. We examine strategies employed by Southeastern Conference (SEC) universities in pricing their football tickets and evaluate their effectiveness in extracting surplus from fans. We use hedonic analysis of data collected from online secondary market transactions to construct a synthetic season ticket, which we compare to prices actually charged by university athletic departments. We also compare quality premiums charged by universities for better seats with market evaluations of those quality differences.     

Reasonable and Risk‐Based? Replacing NFIP Generally Subsidized Rates with a Means‐Tested Subsidy

The National Flood Insurance Program was created to seek two often conflicting goals: (i) shifting risks from federal taxpayers to those who choose to live in flood plains and (ii) ensuring flood insurance is available to everyone at “reasonable” rates. Efforts to accomplish the second goal currently take the form of subsidies based on location and the date a home was constructed. The resulting revenue from subsidized insurance premiums is not sufficient to cover the true cost of flood insurance, and federal taxpayers have paid the difference: $30 billion to date. Based on a detailed survey of households in the high‐risk flood zones of New York City (NYC), we find that replacing existing premium subsidies with risk‐based prices and a subsidy for low‐income housing‐burdened households could better meet both goals by ensuring low‐income individuals have access to affordable flood insurance while still saving the federal taxpayer up to $183 million per year in NYC alone.     

Price discrimination across different ticket distribution channels: Evidence from the US-china flight market

In the US-China international flight market, airlines sell tickets in two different distribution channels at vastly different prices. This provides a rare opportunity to examine how airlines practice price discrimination across different ticket distribution channels. Using a unique dataset collected from this market, we find that price discrimination across different ticket distribution channels is not influenced by market competition but increases with demand.     

Evaluating Subsidies for Professional Sports in the United States and Europe: A Public-Sector Primer

The character of subsidies for the construction of professionalsports stadiums is changing in Europe and the United States.The incidence of these subsidies and the manner in which theyare changing offers insight into an evolving relationship betweenthe public and private sectors in building sports facilities.The changing financial imperatives this paper identifies andanalyses suggest that the myopic concerns of cities coupledwith powerful financial incentives for leagues and teams tobuild stadiums account for the spate of facilities constructedin the USA since Joe Robbie stadium in 1987. Growing publicscepticism and resistance to stadium construction has been responsiblefor the private sector bearing a larger portion of the stadiumconstruction costs, but teams have been more than compensatedwith increasingly generous leases. Cities have placated thepublic through the imposition of taxes that are either too smallper capita to justify strong resistance or through deflectingthe tax burden stadiums impose to non-residents. Since citiestaken together are adopting the same strategies, the realityis that stadiums collectively are being paid for by local taxpayers.The public will continue to pay for stadiums until cities recognizetheir shared interests and take a collective stand against theprofessional sports monopolies. As long as the leagues continueto maintain an excess team for franchises, cities will continueto comply with team and league financial demands while searchingfor ways to placate an increasingly sceptical taxpaying public.     

Inflation in developing Asia: pass‐through from global food and oil price shocks

The world economy experienced a sharp spike in food and oil prices during 2007 and 2008. In light of developing Asia's dependence on imported oil and food, we can expect higher global food and oil prices to result in higher domestic consumer prices in the region. However, the actual impact of the global commodity shocks on consumer price inflation in developing Asia depends on a number of other factors, including government policy measures. The objective of this paper is to examine empirically the extent of the pass‐through of global food and oil prices to domestic consumer prices in nine countries in the region. The main empirical result is that the magnitude of the pass‐through has been limited. Government policy measures, for example, subsidies and price controls, played a role in reducing or delaying the pass‐through of oil and food price increases to domestic prices.     

WATER BILL ESTIMATION WHEN PRICE IS CRYPTIC: EXPERIENCE FROM WINDHOEK,NAMIBIA

For water policy to be effective, policy makers must know how water users perceive and respond to changes in water prices. However, it is not uncommon for water prices faced by consumers to be unclear. In Windhoek, Namibia, the marginal and average water price is difficult to calculate from the information provided in users' utility bills. This paper applies a hedonic pricing approach to investigate price perceptions of water users in a setting with cryptic price information. Using self‐reported water charges as the dependent variable, the pricing model utilises reported utility characteristics and other factors that may affect perceived price. Low‐income standpipe water users report a weighted average monthly charges of N$24.68, whereas users in high income segments report N$521.34. This reflects differences in service levels, possible subsidies to low‐income users and potential errors in respondents' understanding of their water price. Average price per litre (N$11.78 for the low‐use segment; N$1.89 for the highest segment of Tier 1 water use) tends to be perceived as higher by those with lower water use even though average prices in the relevant range should generally be identical.     

The Implicit Incentive Effects of Horizontal Monitoring and Team Member Dependence on Individual Performance

This study examines the implicit incentive effects of horizontal monitoring and team member dependence for individuals working in teams but facing explicit incentives based solely on measures of individual performance. We combine proprietary performance data with survey data for 133 internal auditors. We show that the social influences of relatively high levels of both horizontal monitoring and team member dependence provide implicit incentives that motivate individual performance, making the provision of team rewards unnecessary to ensure individual and team productivity. We conclude that horizontal monitoring and team member dependence are complementary control mechanisms whose effectiveness helps explain the observed practice of organizing work into teams without explicit team‐based rewards.     

Freedom of Entry,Market Size,and Competitive Outcome: Evidence from English Soccer

A primary prediction of the theory of sports leagues is that teams with higher revenues will have higher league positions or winning percentages than teams with smaller revenues. Behind this prediction lies the key influence of market size, yet this has been underexplored in the empirical literature on sports leagues. This paper combines detailed census of population data with panel data on team performance for an open sports league, the English Football League, to test the hypothesis that market size matters for team performance. We find a particularly important role for population close to the team's location. The impact of local population is reduced but not eliminated when allowance is made for entry in the form of competition from neighboring clubs. We assess implications of these findings for both European and North American sports league structures.     

对春运期间火车票价变动的经济学简单分析

春运现象由来已久,面对日益严重的买票难,黄牛猖獗等春运问题,铁道部在06年以前曾试图运用价格机制来调节,然而2007年宣布火车票不涨价,本文将运用微观经济学理论,结合市场进行分析,阐明火车票价不能上涨的原因,并提出相关解决方案。     

政府补贴下竞争闭环供应链回收再制造决策模型分析

文章以博弈论为研究方法,基于政府对制造商废品回收进行补贴和不补贴两种情形,分析零售商、第三方废品回收商价格竞争环境下,由制造商、零售商和第三方废品回收商组成的再制造闭环供应链决策前后最优策略的变化。研究结果表明:政府对制造商废品回收进行补贴时,零售商、第三方废品回收商的废品回收量、回收价格、废品出售价格以及制造商、零售商、第三方废品回收商的利润均高于政府不提供补贴时的情形,且政府补贴程度越大,上述值越大。最后通过数值算例和仿真分析验证了模型的正确性。     

Team promotion in early major league baseball and the origin of the closed sports league

I argue that a quasi team-promotion system similar to European professional sports leagues once existed in the US, contrary to common perceptions. The first American pro team sport was baseball. From the creation of the first major league in 1876 to the early 1890s, entry was common, occurring primarily by the “promotion” of clubs in operation the previous season. The informal system ended abruptly after an 1892 merger that formed the prototype closed monopoly sports league. Empirical analysis indicates that the cessation of entry reduced competitive balance, and that in their initial year promoted teams outperformed new start-ups. While historians have recognized the elimination of between-league competition as an underlying motive for the monopoly merger, the simultaneous elimination of club entry and competition for league membership has gone virtually unnoticed.     

团队心理安全与团队效能的关系研究——以领导行为为调节变量

团队已经成为企业工作中必不可少的组织形式,团队心理安全作为团队效能的重要前因变量,得到实践界和理论界的广泛关注。团队心理安全能够促使团队健康发展,有效提升团队效能。文章以207个团队为样本,先后探讨了团队心理安全的四个维度与团队效能的相关关系,并将领导行为作为调节变量,分别探究变革型领导和交易型领导的调节作用,结果表明团队心理安全对团队效能具有显著正向预测作用;领导行为与团队心理安全有显著的相关关系;领导行为在团队心理安全与团队效能这两个变量中起到调节作用。本研究将团队心理安全、领导行为和团队效能纳入同一框架,丰富了相关理论研究,并从领导行为的视角就如何维护团队心理安全以提高团队效能提出建议,以期对相关领域的研究有所裨益。     

Food Price Crisis,Poverty, and Inequality

This paper simulates how a doubling of food prices affects absolute poverty and the food‐price‐adjusted real income distribution. We assume unsubsidized world food prices in order to derive the cost of poverty deepening and poverty expansion. We also estimate the degree to which inequality increases if no measures are put in place to offset rising food prices. Both measures are vulnerability indicators useful for social policy planning. Our results show that low‐income countries experience dramatic increases in absolute poverty as a result of doubling food prices. Middle‐income countries experience the greatest decrease in absolute income, which contributes most to an increase in world income inequality. The paper estimates that the global dollar value of the absolute poverty gap ($1.25/day) has the potential to increase by 400%, with poverty deepening accounting for two thirds of the increase.     

民办高校基层教学管理队伍建设探析——以重庆人文科技学院（原西南大学育才学院）为例

随着民办高校的高速发展,越来越多的民办高校意识到要生存与发展只有走提高教学质量的路子,教学管理队伍水平的提高是其必要保障,而民办高校教学管理队伍目前存在诸如结构不合理、稳定性差等问题。本文以重庆地区具有代表性的一所民办高校为例,通过分析民办高校教学管理队伍的现状,并就如何建立一支结构合理、高效、精干、稳定的教学管理队伍...     

遗产资源旅游利用中经营者与旅游者的利益平衡分析

针对遗产资源旅游利用中的景区门票价格的上涨问题,本文力图通过建立在市场化经营条件下经营者和旅游者之间的博弈模型,从定量分析的角度探寻一套全面考虑双方利益的、排除了遗产资源垄断性因素的、公平合理的调价规范。     

共享心智模式对团队创新绩效的影响机制研究——基于知识密集型服务业研发团队的实证分析

文章以知识密集型服务业研发团队为研究对象,通过四省103家知识密集型服务业150个研发团队的问卷调查,采用结构方程模型,实证研究研发团队共享心智模式对团队创新绩效的影响机制,研究发现:共享心智模式对团队创新绩效有显著影响,并且,团队沟通与团队冲突管理在共享心智模式与团队创新绩效的关系中发挥完全中介作用。因此,企业研发团队在开发共享心智模式的同时,必须注重团队过程的提升,才能有效提升团队整体创新绩效。     

论企业团队管理中的平衡思维

本文从当前团队管理的理论与实践入手 ,提出团队管理的平衡思维命题。笔者认为团队管理是努力实现团队互动平衡的行为过程 ,团队管理的目标是实现团队的平面平衡与立体平衡的双重良性互动。团队平面平衡的实现 ,构成了团队立体平衡的台阶 ;团队立体平衡的延伸 ,提升了团队平面     

“紧行且好步”：创业团队异质性、创业决策与创业绩效关系的实证研究

创业决策是创业活动的重要组成部分,其效果好坏直接作用于创业绩效。而创业决策效果在很大程度上受创业团队的异质性结构的影响。通过对209 份有效问卷数据进行回归分析,试图从“行为决策”的路径视角揭示创业团队异质性、创业决策以及创业绩效三者之间的关系。实证结果表明：创业决策质量对创业绩效有显著的正向影响,但决策速度对创业绩效的影响并不显著;创业团队社会类别异质性对创业决策与创业绩效有显著的正向影响,而价值观异质性则发挥着相反的作用;信息异质性对创业决策有显著的正向影响,而对创业绩效的正向影响不显著;创业决策质量在创业团队异质性与创业绩效之间存在显著的中介作用。该结论为创业决策的作用机制提供了一定的现实证据,为新创企业如何开展有效的决策以提升创业绩效提供了参考和借鉴。     

Discretionary Disclosures to Risk‐Averse Traders: A Research Note

Verrecchia (1983) investigates a manager's incentives for costly, discretionary disclosure of his information to risk‐averse traders when the functional form of prices is exogenously specified. We extend Verrecchia (1983) by deriving the endogenously determined functional form of prices that would arise when all traders have constant risk tolerance. We show that these endogenously determined prices are inconsistent with the assumed prices in Verrecchia (1983) when the manager elects to not disclose. We derive the manager's disclosure strategy for our setting and extend the comparative static results in Verrecchia (1990) for risk‐neutral traders to a setting where traders have constant risk tolerance and prices are endogenously derived. Further, in our setting, discretionary disclosure does not affect how traders price risk of different outcomes. Also, we offer a representation of risk‐averse traders' prices using risk‐adjusted distributions. Finally, these results provide implications for empirical‐archival discretionary disclosure studies.