基于CES生产函数的国防支出就业效应研究

通过在CES生产函数中引入国防支出变量,并运用ARDL方法建立ARDL-ECM模型,探讨了国防支出与就业之间的短期波动和长期均衡关系。研究发现我国国防支出在短期内促进就业,但从长期看,我国国防支出的就业效应为负。研究结果表明要使国防支出在促进劳动力就业方面长期发挥作用,需要从军事人才培养体系、军事技术创新、军民融合等方面进一步优化国防资源配置。     

The Effect of Dismissals Protection on Employment: More on a Vexed Theme

This paper presents new results on the relationship between severance pay and labor market performance for a sample of 21 OECD countries, 1956-1984. Specifically, it evaluates Lazear's empirical argument that severance pay reduces employment and elevates joblessness. His findings are shown not to survive correction for errors in the data and the application of correct estimation procedures. Furthermore, adverse labor market consequences of severance pay are not detected in a dynamic characterization of the Lazear model. Limitations of the approach followed here are also addressed and contextualized.     

Remittances' Influence on Housing Construction Demand in Sub‐Saharan Africa: The Case of Kenya

Abstract: Although it is well documented that immigrants maintain economic and social ties with their communities of origin through remittances, the role of remittances in asset acquisition for most African countries is yet to be documented. This study provides empirical estimates for the impact of remittances from abroad on housing construction demand in Kenya using time series data for the period 1970–2008. An autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) modelling process is employed to capture the effect of remittances and other variables on housing construction demand. The computed short‐ and long‐run elasticities indicate that inbound remittances are one of the determinants of housing construction demand in Kenya. Other significant determinants include income, interest rates and urbanization growth.     

广西旅游业就业效应研究

文章通过对广西旅游就业进行分析发现,广西的旅游部门不仅能吸纳相当比例的新增劳动力,而且还能吸纳其他行业转移的劳动力;旅游特征产业对劳动力具有很强的吸纳作用;旅游就业规模地区差异明显,呈向旅游中心地区聚集态势;从整体上看,各旅游特征产业每获得1万元的增加值,就能带动全社会9.5281人就业。     

Capitalization of Flood Insurance and Risk Perceptions in Housing Prices: An Empirical Agent‐Based Model Approach

Federally regulated or insured lenders in the United States are mandated to require flood insurance on properties that are located in areas at high risk of flooding. Despite the existence of this mandatory flood insurance requirement, take‐up rates for flood insurance have been low, and the federal government's exposure to uninsured property losses from flooding remains substantial. Meanwhile, the value of capital at risk varies significantly with flood events and changing risk perceptions, which necessitates mechanisms that stabilize these dynamics. In this article we discuss how a scenario of complete insurance uptake, under various risk attitudes, affects the value of properties in the 100‐year and 500‐year flood zones. Our results indicate that an increase in flood insurance uptake may provide such a mechanism by lowering the value of capital at risk in the flood zone consistently, independent of homeowners' risk attitudes. We apply an empirical adaptive agent‐based model to examine the capitalization of insurance costs, risk premiums, and their interaction in housing prices. Our approach combines widely‐used empirical hedonic analysis with the computational economic framework. We highlight the usefulness of our method in capturing the marginal implicit price of homeowners' preferences that may change over time and separately assess the effect of various factors and policies on property values, illustrating the agent‐based modeling as a valuable complement to traditional hedonic analysis.     

Development of Public Housing in Post‐reform China

This paper explores the dynamic nature of the transformation of public housing regimes in urban China since the abolishment of the urban welfare housing system in the late 1990s. We summarize the latest progress in the development of public housing in post‐reform China and investigate the driving forces behind these developments. A close examination of the public rental housing program in Shanghai helps to show that the recent revival of public housing in Chinese cities is mostly driven by the desire for economic growth. We conclude that the state provision of housing could be a short‐run state remedy to alleviate economic imbalance and social inequality. However, in the long run China needs to seek more effective solutions to solve the low‐income population's housing affordability problems.     

出口贸易对我国三次产业劳动力流向的影响分析

中国经济改革与渐进式贸易自由化的发展历程为阐明我国国际贸易与劳动力市场关系提供了重要的实证研究线索。本文以1978~2005年的数据为研究对象,建立向量自回归(VAR)模型,采用脉冲响应函数及方差分解的方法,对我国出口贸易与三次产业劳动力就业情况进行实证分析,得到出口贸易对我国三次产业劳动力就业贡献率存在显著不同的结论。主要表现为拉动第二、三产业就业增长,间接地促进了劳动力在产业间的转移,在劳动力升级和就业结构优化方面具有明显的推动作用。     

The Effect of External Monitoring on Accrual‐Based and Real Earnings Management: Evidence from Venture‐Backed Initial Public Offerings*

This paper investigates the effect of venture capitalist (VC) quality on earnings management in firms conducting initial public offerings of their equity stock, focusing on manipulation of both accruals and real activities. I develop a measure of VC quality based on a principal components factor analysis using data that are obtainable for virtually all VC firms. This metric is highly correlated with VC funds’ financial returns, and with the likelihood of successful exits through initial public offerings or trade sales. After going public, companies backed by higher quality VCs have lower abnormal accruals, lower earnings management through real activities manipulation, and a lower likelihood of financial restatement. Companies backed by top‐quartile VCs do not appear to engage in real activities manipulation as a substitute for accruals manipulation. Companies backed by lower‐tier VCs exhibit earnings management behaviors which are indistinguishable from those of non‐VC‐backed companies. The results continue to hold when controlling for endogeneity. Overall, the results suggest that higher quality VCs are better able to constrain opportunistic financial reporting by their portfolio companies going public.     

企业出口行为的就业波动效应研究:基于中国工业企业的经验

就业的稳定是中国经济与贸易结构转型升级的约束条件之一。文章将海关数据库与工业企业数据库匹配得到2000～2007年的企业样本,试图从企业这一微观角度探讨中国出口对就业波动的作用及机制。研究发现,相比纯内销企业,有出口行为的企业面临更高的就业波动率。企业出口强度对就业波动的作用呈现先降后升的"U型"影响。基于产品要素类型、贸易方式及所有制类型的分样本检验发现出口对不同特征企业的就业波动存在非均衡性的影响。此外,文章还发现企业出口产品及市场的多元化经营能够显著降低出口行为对该企业就业波动的影响。     

Estimating the Short Run Effects of South Africa's Employment Tax Incentive on Youth Employment Probabilities using A Difference‐in‐Differences Approach

South Africa's Employment Tax Incentive (ETI) came into effect on the 1st of January 2014, with the objective of reducing the substantial national youth unemployment rate. Under the ETI, firms are eligible to claim a deduction from their taxes due, for the portion of their wage bill that is paid to certain groups of youth employees. We utilise several waves of nationally representative data and implement a difference‐in‐differences methodology at the individual level, in order to identify the effects of the ETI on youth employment probabilities in the short run. Our primary finding is that the ETI did not have any statistically significant and positive effects on youth employment probabilities. The point estimate from our preferred regression is ?0.005 and the 95% confidence interval is from ?0.017 to 0.006. We also find no evidence that the ETI has resulted in an increase in the level of churning in the labour market for youth. Thus, any decrease in tax revenues that arise from the ETI are effectively accruing to firms which, collectively, would have employed as many youth even in the absence of the ETI.     

The Consumption-Stimulating Effect of Public Rental Housing in China

China's public rental policy creates opportunities for poor households to rent apartments at low rental prices.In addition to such an impact,we argue that public rental housing increases the purchasing power of the poor and therefore enhances the income elasticity of consumption,i.e.,the percentage of consumption increment due to a 1 percent increase in income.Based on a nationwide dataset from China,the Chinese Household Income Project 2018,we find that public rental housing significantly increases the marginal impact of household disposable income on consumption.Specifically,our analysis suggests that public rental apartments could increase the income elasticity of consumption demand by 18 percent among all rental households and by 24 percent among rental households with below-average income.We also find that the effect of public rental housing on income elasticity of consumption is stronger for service consumption than for nonservice consumption.These results suggest that a well designed public rental policy could not only promote consumption in favor of the service industry but also alleviate the undesirable consequences of the unbalanced consumption structure caused by income inequality.     

城市轨道交通对周边住宅价格的空间效应研究

以合肥轨道交通1号线为例,使用传统特征价格模型和空间计量模型对比分析轨道交通对周边住宅价格的影响。研究表明合肥市1号线对周边住宅的价格具有显著的增值作用,且住宅价格的空间效应显著。空间滞后模型显示住宅与轨道交通站间距离每增加1 km,住宅价格下降6.09%,低于传统模型的8.6%。这说明住宅价格的空间效应会使学者们高估城市轨道交通对周边住宅价格的增值作用,即加入空间效应影响后的研究结果更加真实、可靠。     

Public Housing in New Orleans Post Katrina: The Struggle for Housing as a Human Right

This article reflects on the post-Katrina demolition of public housing communities in New Orleans and associated loss of affordable apartments with a focus on the Columbia Parc redevelopment. Some key issues regarding displacement, race, gender, and public housing policies are referenced throughout. A concluding discussion of advocacy efforts to frame housing as a human right highlights a central, unmet movement demand: one for one replacement of all demolished public housing.     

GDP in the Dutch Cape Colony: The National Accounts of a Slave‐Based Society

New estimates of the gross domestic product of the Dutch Cape Colony (1652‐1795) suggest that the Cape was one of the most prosperous regions during the eighteenth century. This stands in sharp contrast to the perceived view that the Cape was an “economic and social backwater,” a slave economy with slow growth and little progress. Following a national accounts framework, we find that Cape settlers' per capita income is similar to the most prosperous countries of the time – Holland and England. We trace the roots of this result, showing that it is partly explained by a highly skewed population structure and very low dependency ratio of slavery, and attempt to link the eighteenth‐century Cape Colony experience to twentieth‐century South African income levels.     

“Exports‐at‐Risk”: The Effect of Multimarket Contact in International Trade

Despite a well‐established literature examining possible impacts on competition in oligopolistic markets from multimarket contact (MMC) among diversified firms, only recently have trade theorists considered the possible effects of MMC among exporters in limiting the anticipated procompetitive role of imports. This article presents a first effort to test the empirical importance of a measure of this MMC, called “exports‐at‐risk,” on import prices (unit‐values). Suggestive evidence of anticompetitive impacts of MMC among exporters is obtained for highly traded four‐digit harmonized system (HS) products within the broad category of “fats and oils.” Exporters in fats and oils seem to price higher in markets where they meet rivals with the ability to retaliate against their “exports at risk.”     

房产税对上海房价的调控效应分析——基于LLS模型的实证研究

目前房产税对房价影响的研究仍没有获得一致的结论。文章借鉴行为金融学LLS模型,并对该模型进行优化的基础上,以上海市为研究对象,分别模拟了完全市场调节和房产税政策调控下的房价走势,并从统计学角度对房价走势进行了数据分析和比较。LLS模型分析表明,目前房产税征收税率低,对房价的抑制作用较小,房产税税率的杠杆作用并不显著,但对房价的抑制作用将逐年增强,这为深化我国房产税改革提供了有益的借鉴与决策支持。     

上海投资与经济增长对就业的拉动效应

采用上海1990～2010年时间序列数据,利用弹性分析及计量经济模型就投资、GDP对就业的拉动效应进行实证研究,得出如下结论：（1）上海近21年投资、GDP增长为扩大就业创造了有利条件,非农产业GDP就业弹性和投资就业弹性均具有显著的波动性,两者之间偏离程度逐渐拉大;（2）新增投资、新增GDP与新增就业的行业分布存在差异性;（3）政府投资对就业的拉动效应低于民间投资,但我们应该关注到民间投资占总投资的90％以上。对就业的拉动效应只比政府投资略高一些,并没有出现预期的民间资本投资带动大量就业的效果,建议政府将就业纳入优先目标中,并鼓励民间投资流向吸纳就业潜力大的领域。     

“大水漫灌”还是“精准滴灌”:基于时-频域动态视角下房价调控机制研究

基于时-频域动态视角采用小波分析模型,文章结合高频序列和低频数据在同一框架内研究总量货币政策、结构性信贷政策和房价波动三者之间不同时期的动态影响关系,并进一步甄别供需调控对房价的异质性影响。实证发现,作为房价调控的手段,结构性信贷要优于总量货币政策,而结构性信贷的影响机制是,中期时供给端调控存在非对称性,长期和超长期需求端优于供给端调控,这表明需求结构性信贷政策+总量货币政策工具的调控效果更佳。因此,应用价值体现在遏制房价的过程中,政府应该让"大水漫灌"式的总量货币政策用于"事前预防",而让"精准滴灌"式的结构性信贷政策用于"事后控制",在不同的时-频域中以前者为辅后者为主交替或协调使用,以此防止房地产市场泡沫累积而爆发风险。     

公共服务设施步行可达性对住宅价格的影响——基于累积机会的可达性度量方法

构建节能环保低碳的“绿色交通体系”是目前解决城市交通及其一系列衍生问题的重要举措。“将生活与服务混在一起”对于提升步行效能、促进步行和降低机动交通需求有重要的现实意义。公共服务设施步行可达性,反映居民获取公共服务设施的难易程度,对住宅价格具有资本化效应。文章以厦门岛1840个普通多/高层住宅为样本,通过累积机会法评价教育、商业、医疗和文体4种公共服务设施的步行可达性,并构建特征价格方程来检验公共品在住宅市场的资本化方向与程度。研究发现,教育、医疗和商业3类公共服务设施的规划布局已资本化入住宅价格：教育和商业服务步行可达性对住宅价格有正向影响,而二/三甲医院步行可达性有负向影响;省示范小学步行可达性对房价的正向影响大于重点中学;市区级文化体育中心对房价的影响不显著;此外,建筑面积、小区内部环境、商业中心距离等因素对房价都有显著的影响。特征价格模型也实证估计了各特征变量对住宅价格的影响程度。