Resale price maintenance and manufacturer competition for retail services

We investigate the incentives of two manufacturers with common retailers to use resale price maintenance (RPM). Retailers provide product‐specific services that increase demand and manufacturers use minimum RPM to compete for favorable retail services for their products. Minimum RPM increases consumer prices and can create a prisoner's dilemma for manufacturers without increasing, and possibly even reducing, the overall level of retail services. If manufacturer market power is asymmetric, minimum RPM may distort the allocation of services toward the high‐priced products of the manufacturer with more market power. These results challenge the service argument as an efficiency defense for minimum RPM.     

Simultaneous borrowing of information across space and time for pricing insurance contracts: An application to rating crop insurance policies

Changing climate and technology can often lead to nonstationary losses across both time and space for a variety of insurance lines including property, catastrophe, health, and life. As a result, naive estimation of premium rates using past losses will tend to be biased. We present three successively flexible data‐driven methodologies to nonparametrically smooth across both space and time simultaneously, thereby appropriately incorporating possibly nonidentically distributed data into the rating process. We apply these methodologies in estimating U.S. crop insurance premium rates. Crop insurance, with global premiums totaling $4.1 trillion in 2018, is an interesting application as losses exhibit both temporal and spatial nonstationarity. We find significant borrowing of information across both time and space. We also find all three methodologies improve both the stability and accuracy of crop insurance premium rates. The proposed methods may be of relevance for other lines of insurance characterized by spatial and/or temporal nonstationary losses.     

Trading frequency and asset pricing on the London Stock Exchange: Evidence from a new price impact ratio

This study proposes a new price impact ratio as an alternative to the widely used Amihud’s (2002) Return-to-Volume ratio. We demonstrate that the new price impact ratio, which is deemed Return-to-Turnover ratio, has a number of appealing features. Using daily data from all stocks listed on the London Stock Exchange over the period 1991–2008, we provide overwhelming evidence that this ratio, while being unequivocal to construct and interpret, is also free of a size bias. More importantly, it encapsulates the stocks’ cross-sectional variability in trading frequency, a relatively neglected but possibly important determinant of stock returns given the recently observed trends in financial markets. Overall, our findings argue against the conventional wisdom that there is a simple direct link between trading costs and stock returns by strongly suggesting that it is the compound effect of trading frequency and transaction costs that matters for asset pricing, not each aspect in isolation.     

Institutional investors’ information seeking and stock price crash risk: nonlinear relationship based on management’s opportunistic behaviour

This paper examines the influence of management’s opportunistic behaviour on the relationship between institutional investors’ visits and stock price crash risk. We find that the relationship between visit frequency and stock price crash risk is inverted U-shaped because of management’s opportunistic behaviour aiming at avoiding the negative impacts of visit. Institutional investors’ visits raise stock price crash risk when visit frequency is low and it can reduce crash risk just when visit frequency is high enough. This nonlinear relationship is more significant when management’s opportunistic behaviour is highly motivated and the implementation space is larger.     

油田维护费会计问题研究

油田维护费的核算是石油天然气企业会计核算的三大难题之一。我国现行的油田维护费制度对油气田建设及发展起到了积极的作用 ,但也存在许多问题与缺陷。本文主要在调查研究的基础上 ,通过分析我国油田维护费制度存在的问题 ,借鉴美国等国家的有关会计准则 ,对油田维护活动及油田维护费的若干热点问题进行探讨 ,对如何改革我国油田维护费会计核算体系提出设想与建议 ,以期有助于我国石油天然气会计准则的建立与完善。     

数据中心建设和运维方案的经济性分析

在银行数据中心建设中往往认为经济性指标远位于安全性和高可用性指标之后,甚至认为其重要性低于可扩展性和易维护等指标的重要性。考虑到数据中心建设投入巨大．且直接经济效益不好测算,     

Deep neural network framework based on backward stochastic differential equations for pricing and hedging American options in high dimensions

We propose a deep neural network framework for computing prices and deltas of American options in high dimensions. The architecture of the framework is a sequence of neural networks, where each network learns the difference of the price functions between adjacent timesteps. We introduce the least squares residual of the associated backward stochastic differential equation as the loss function. Our proposed framework yields prices and deltas for the entire spacetime, not only at a given point (e.g. t?=?0). The computational cost of the proposed approach is quadratic in dimension, which addresses the curse of dimensionality issue that state-of-the-art approaches suffer. Our numerical simulations demonstrate these contributions, and show that the proposed neural network framework outperforms state-of-the-art approaches in high dimensions.     

Evidence on the Trade-Off between Risk and Return for IPO and SEO Firms

Do the low long‐run average returns of equity issuers reflect underperformance due to mispricing or the risk characteristics of the issuing firms? We shed new light on this question by examining how institutional lenders price loans of equity issuing firms. Accounting for standard risk factors, we find that equity issuing firms' expected debt return is equivalent to the expected debt return of nonissuing firms, implying that institutional lenders perceive equity issuers to be as risky as similar nonissuing firms. In general, institutional lenders perceive small and high book‐to‐market borrowers as systematically riskier than larger borrowers with low book‐to‐market ratios, consistent with the asset pricing approach in Fama and French (1993) . Finally, we find that firms' expected debt returns decline after equity offerings, consistent with recent theoretical arguments suggesting that firm risk should decline following an equity offering. Overall, our analysis provides novel evidence consistent with risk‐based explanations for the observed equity returns following IPOs and SEOs.     

论就业与养老保险的关系及互动机制的政策

就业与养老保险是目前我国面临的重大问题,两者之间存在相辅相成的关系.本文在探讨就业与养老保险的关系的基础上提出了就业与养老保险的互动机制的政策建议:在保持经济快速增长的前提下,抑制就业弹性的过快下降;加快社会保障工作步伐;推行弹性退休政策;增加财政投入,促进就业和养老保险的建设;建立缴费人监督机制;开征统一的基本养老保障税.     

财政支农支出与农民收入关系的实证研究——以辽宁省为例

近年来,国家财政支援农业支出持续增加,本文从财政支农总量和结构两个维度入手,以辽宁省为例实证分析了财政支农支出与农民收入之间关系,结论表明财政支援农业支出对农民收入有促进作用,尤其是支援农业生产支出对农民收入的带动明显。     

Relevance of Differences between Net Income based on IFRS and Domestic Standards for European Firms

Net income adjustments resulting from mandatory 2005 IFRS adoption in Europe are value relevant for financial and non‐financial firms. Differences in relevance of the aggregate adjustment and adjustments related to several IFRS standards, for financial and non‐financial firms and across country groups, suggest differences in domestic standards and institutions affect investors’ assessment of the relevance of IFRS accounting amounts. Despite these differences, except for French/German non‐financial firms, investors view net income measured using IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement as more relevant than that measured using domestic standards, which is notable because IAS 39 was highly controversial in Europe.     

新旧所得税会计准则的比较

在新的《企业会计准则第18号——所得税》颁布前,我国没有所得税会计准则,只有《企业所得税会计处理的暂行规定》和《企业会计准则——所得税会计(征求意见稿)》,企业主要按照2001年颁布的《企业会计制度》的有关规定执行。本文在对新旧所得税会计准则立法角度、相关内容的比较分析后,举例说明资产负债表债务法下所得税的具体处理办法。     

A股发行公司IPO前盈余管理与IPO后经营业绩的实证研究

以2001～2005年期间在我国上交所和深交所A股市场上市的247家IPO公司为研究样本,研究IPO前盈余管理与IPO后经营业绩变化之间的关系。实证研究结果表明:IPO前的盈余管理对IPO后的经营业绩具有一定的预测性,IPO前的正向盈余管理程度越大,其IPO后的经营业绩下降幅度就越大,即IPO前正向盈余管理将会导致IPO后经营业绩下滑。     

刍议“逃税罪”案件行政程序与刑事程序的关系

随着《中华人民共和国刑法修正案(七)》的颁布实施,偷税罪被逃税罪取而代之。本文分析了行政程序与刑事程序的关系,并对逃税罪进行了法律解释,提出了行政处罚前置是符合逃税罪立法与司法实践应有的程序选择。     

The association between firm characteristics and CFO's opinions on the fair value option for non-financial assets

SFAS 157 provides a common definition for fair value while SFAS 159 expands the applicability of the fair value option. This paper analyzes the responses of 209 CFOs of U.S. firms to a survey asking whether they would choose the fair value option for non-financial assets (FVONFA) and investigates the determinants of CFOs' responses to the option. One of our results suggests that CFOs in the U.S. are resistant to the FVONFA, consistent with prior studies based on firms in Europe and Australia. Our results also suggest that firm size, leverage, the amount of non-financial assets, and expertise in fair value measurements all positively affect the CFOs' responses to the FVONFA.     

Good for managers,bad for society? Causal evidence on the association between risk-taking incentives and corporate social responsibility

Using FAS 123R as an exogenous shock to stock options, I provide evidence that equity-based risk-taking incentives discourage corporate social responsibility (CSR). This finding suggests that compensation incentives can motivate managers not to pursue CSR strategies because CSR reduces firms’ risk and provides insurance-like benefits. Firms with a greater demand for CSR's risk reduction are more sensitive to changes in risk-taking incentives. I triangulate my results by confirming that CSR weaknesses are positively related to subsequent stock return volatility. Overall, using a robust empirical design, I find that risk-taking incentives are a determinant of firms’ CSR.     

基础设施项目国际融资方式探析--兼论BOT与ABS的比较

我国基础设施建设资金长期短缺,由于财力有限,政府对基础设施的投资已不占主要地位,要加大基础设施投资力度,必须拓宽其融资渠道。ＢＯＴ和ＡＢＳ作为国际项目融资的两种不同方式,在基础设施项目国际融资领域各有所长,应区分具体情况灵活运用,为我国基础设施项目利用外资开辟更广阔的天地。     

中韩税收协定有关税收饶让抵免及股息所得间接抵免问题的分析

文章用例说明中韩税收饶让对在华韩资企业的影响,以引起双方政府的注意,并应在新的饶让条款延期谈判中予以考量。