探析中西方饮食文化的差异

在传统的吃穿住行观念中,可见饮食是人类生存的第一要素,直接影响着人类的进步与社会的发展.饮食由于受到不同的地域特征、气侯环境、风俗习惯等因素的影响,会出现在原料、口味、烹调方法、饮食习惯上的不同程度的差异.正是由于这些差异的存在,饮食就具有了不同的地域性和文化性.中西文化之间的差异造就了中西饮食文化的差异,而这种差异来自中西方不同的思维方式和处世哲学.中国人的饮食偏重于“天人合一”,而西方人的饮食则偏重于“以人为本”     

英汉思维模式差异对英语教学的影响及对策

在文化领域中,思维模式是东西方学者都十分关心的一个问题。由于各民族的历史、文化、宗教、民情习俗不同对于同一思维对象和内容,不同民族的思维角度可能不尽一致,从而会在语言上采用不同的表达方式。由此可见,在不同的民族中,尽管思维的内容大体相同,但由于思维的民族特性,在语言的表达上存在着明显的差异。因而思维模式的差异不可避免地对英语教学造成一定的影响。     

企业负债的会计准则与税法差异分析及协调建议

在经济领域中,会计和税收是两个不同的分支,分别遵循不同的原则,规范不同的对象。由于两者存在许多差异,下面仅就企业负债的会计核算与税务处理差异做一比较,剖析其差异的原因,并提出差异协调的建议。一、负债方面的差异表现按《企业财务报告条例》和《企业会计准则——基本准     

入世对农业的影响

中国不同省区农业由于自然条件、结构、发展水平等方面存在显差异，入世农业影响在不同省区有不同特点。     

股权转让有关所得税的案例分析

由于会计与税收的目的不同,会计制度及相关准则对某项收益、费用和损失的确认、计量标准与税法往往存在差异,对由此产生的差异,在企业计算缴纳所得税时进行相应的调整就可以得到解决。但是,如企业按权益法核算并对外转让股权时,由于被投资单位的利润分配政策不同而导致的所得税差异,却形成了被投资单位实实在在的税负差异。本文拟通过两个案例对此进行分析,以供企业进行相关决策时参考。     

固定资产折旧会计与税务处理

由于新会计准则与新《企业所得税法》对于固定资产折旧规定的不同,使得固定资产折旧在会计处理和税务处理上产生差异。1.固定资产折旧范围的差异     

基于区域差异的退耕还林后续政策研究——以陕北和陕南的情况为例

由于退耕还林工程涉及地域广阔,各地情况又千差万别,在完善后续政策时,应充分考虑地区差异,特别是各地气候、土地资源条件和生态环境基础等因素,做出区别性的政策安排。总体而言,陕南、陕北两大区域在生态基础、气候、土地资源等方面均存在着明显的差异,治理迫切程度不同、治理难度不同,导致生态环境脆弱的因素不同,因而应该采取不同的治理力度和治理模式。     

通过一个具体案例对增值税、所得税、消费税视同销售会计与税收处理的总结

企业在生产经营活动中经常会发生视同销售业务。由于会计准则与税法以及不同税法之间规定的不同,导致某些视同销售存在着会计与税务处理的差异。本文通过对实际工作中的一个具体案例进行分析,对会计准则、增值税、消费税、营业税的相关规定及其差异进行了分析对比。     

通过一个具体案例对增值税、所得税、消费税视同销售会计与税收处理的总结

企业在生产经营活动中经常会发生视同销售业务。由于会计准则与税法以及不同税法之间规定的不同,导致某些视同销售存在着会计与税务处理的差异。本文通过对实际工作中的一个具体案例进行分析,对会计准则、增值税、消费税、营业税的相关规定及其差异进行了分析对比。     

日日复利高于月月复利吗？

由于不同货币基金的投资运作、管理费率均不同，因此，结转方式带来的收益差异几乎可以忽略。     

非居民企业股息、利息和财产收益企业所得税管理探究

股息、利息和财产收益是非居民企业税收的重要来源。由于这些项目都具备资产收益的性质,因此具有相似的特性。本文围绕这些特性研究非居民税收管理和政策上的难点,探讨转变非居民税收管理的理念、改进企业所得税管理的各项措施和创新管理模式等。     

Personal taxation of capital income and the financial leverage of firms

Tax competition for capital has led to a trend where many countries levy lower taxes on interest income, often introducing differential taxation between interest and business income. This study analyzes the effect on firm debt usage. We exploit Germany’s 2009 tax reform, which introduced a final withholding tax on interest income with a flat rate 18 percentage points below the unchanged tax rate on income from unincorporated businesses, as a quasi-experiment. The results, based on firm-level panel data, indicate that firms increase their leverage when the tax rate on interest income decreases, albeit to a small degree.     

The Distributional Implications of Income Under‐Reporting in Hungary*

The ability and inclination of specific social groups to evade tax vary widely, and this leads to considerable variation in the actual tax burden on individuals with similar levels of income. Thus, ignoring tax evasion can be seriously misleading in terms of the distributive and fiscal effects of the tax system. This paper estimates the distributional implications of income tax evasion in Hungary, based on a random sample of the administrative tax records of nearly 230,000 individuals. Gross incomes declared in the administrative tax returns are compared with incomes stated in a nationally representative household budget survey. Our estimates show that the average rate of underreporting is 9–13 per cent, though this conceals a big difference between the self‐employed (who hide the greater part of their income) and employees. The estimates are likely to be lower bounds. These rates are used in a tax– benefit microsimulation model to calculate the fiscal and distributional implications of under‐reporting. Tax evasion reduces households' personal income tax payments by about 16–20 per cent. While the poverty rate increases only slightly, income inequality rises significantly, suggesting that high‐income households tend to evade tax proportionately more. Finally, we find that tax evasion largely reduces the progressivity of the tax system.     

Comparing the top and the bottom income earners: Distribution of income and taxes in the United States

Tax reform is again at the center stage as Congress grapples with ideas to reduce the US budget deficit and the country readies itself for another election year. Given this unusually charged tax reform season, populist and party rhetoric appears to the general population to have largely replaced reasoned debate as politicians, economists and pundits “cherry pick” facts to justify their claims. Our contribution to the current debate on tax equity is that this is one of the very few studies that jointly consider the impact of payroll and income taxes. Most tax equity studies focus only on the federal income tax and as such issue misleading implications. It is important to jointly consider payroll and income taxes because (a) for taxpayers in lower income ranges, the payroll tax burden outweighs the income tax burden, while (b) for higher income taxpayers income from wages above $106,800 ($110,000 in 2012) are payroll-tax free, and (c) other sources of income, namely dividends and capital gains, are not subject to payroll taxes at all. Thus, we provide a more comprehensive picture of the overall progressivity (or lack thereof) exhibited by the current tax laws. In addition, we also consider how some often-raised tax proposals would prospectively affect income inequality and tax progressivity.     

Tax refunds and income manipulation: evidence from the EITC

Welfare programs are important in terms of reducing poverty, although they create incentives for recipients to maximize their income by either reducing their labor supply or manipulating their taxable income. In this paper, we quantify the extent of such behavioral responses for the earned income tax credit (EITC) in the USA. We exploit the fact that US states can set top-up rates, which means that at a given point in time, workers with the same income receive different tax refunds in different states. Using event studies as well as a border pair design, we document that raising the state EITC leads to more bunching of self-employed tax filers at the first kink point of the tax schedule. While we document a strong relationship up until 2007, we find no effect during the Great Recession. These findings point to important behavioral responses to the largest welfare program in the USA.     

Compliance costs for personal income tax in a transition country: the case of Slovenia

The evaluation of taxpayers' compliance costs has grown in significance within tax system research over the last 15 years. In 2001, two surveys of VAT and personal income taxpayers were conducted in Slovenia to evaluate compliance costs for the 2000 fiscal year. This paper presents the results of research into compliance costs for personal income tax in Slovenia. The results show that compliance costs for personal income tax are relatively low, primarily because most taxpayers consider filing their tax declaration to be a simple procedure, which means that consultancy costs are low.     

Income Shifting in the Spanish Dual Income Tax*

Based on a model of behavioural response to taxes, and using the Taxpayers Panel from the Instituto de Estudios Fiscales for the period 1999–2009, we analyse whether the dual nature of the Spanish personal income tax (PIT), reinforced by the 2007 reform, has influenced taxpayers’ behaviour, causing them to convert part of their ‘general income’ (from labour, real estate or economic activities) into ‘savings income’ (from movable capital or capital gains). We also extend the analysis of income shifting and study whether Spanish taxpayers also responded to the different tax treatments given to the two types of savings income (from movable capital and capital gains) until 2007, transforming savings income from one type to the other. The results of our study demonstrate three facts. First, Spanish taxpayers did respond to the different tax rates, shifting income from the general base to different forms of savings, especially capital gains. The highest‐income individuals and the self‐employed and business owners are the groups where this behaviour was most marked. Second, the self‐employed and business owners also turned income from movable assets into capital gains, guided by their different tax rates. And third, we find signs of ‘anticipation’ and ‘learning’ effects caused by the 2007 tax reform. We believe that the results obtained will enrich the growing literature on income shifting.     

公允价值的引入对投资性房地产核算的税务影响

新会计准则对企业的税务影响主要是相对影响,着重表现在对企业所得税费用的影响,但也有绝对影响,即对应纳所得税额的影响。本文结合实例分析新会计准则在投资性房地产等业务处理上适度引入"公允价值"作为会计核算计量模式后的税务影响。     

Did PCAOB rules on ethics,independence, and tax services influence financial reporting for income taxes?

The PCAOB Rules on Ethics, Independence, and Tax Services prohibited accounting firms from providing aggressive tax-position transactions to their audit clients. We exploit this setting to examine whether the scrutiny of the PCAOB affects companies’ financial reporting for income tax accounts. We find robust evidence that the overall quality of the income tax accrual increased after companies significantly reduced auditor-provided tax service (APTS) fees in response to the regulation. We show that this improvement is a function of companies’ pre-regulation tax aggressiveness. In addition, we find evidence that after the fee reductions, tax-aggressive companies increased financial statement reserves for uncertain income tax positions without changing tax-aggressive decisions. Overall, our findings are consistent with an improvement in the financial reporting for income taxes under regulatory scrutiny which is more pronounced for companies that were tax aggressive in the pre-regulation period.     

Earnings management induced by tax planning: The case of Portuguese private firms

In Portugal, a concept of taxable income associated closely with reported accounting income is used to determine the tax liability of firms. Recently, the Portuguese government legislated to introduce a system of “special payment on account” (SPA). Firms were required to pay an amount of income tax in advance that varied between a promulgated minimum and maximum. Although such a tax is unique to Portugal, other countries have tax arrangements that are similar in intent. Thus, Portugal's experience with the introduction of a SPA regime is likely to be instructive in fiscal policy deliberations in other settings.We assess the extent to which the SPA tax policy measure encouraged private Portuguese companies to manipulate earnings. We find that earnings manipulation appears to have been motivated by desire to minimize SPA. Firms whose estimate of SPA liability fell within the range of minimum and maximum limits of the SPA had higher levels of discretionary accruals than firms whose estimate was (equal to or) above the ceiling imposed by the new legislation. Firms with higher rates of income tax were found to reduce earnings to near zero. Firms with higher average income tax rates were more likely to manipulate their earnings than other firms.Our results reinforce the importance for auditors, stakeholders, and tax policy advisors to be alert to the close association between tax planning considerations and reported earnings in their monitoring, analysis, and policy advising activities.