Selling French Films on Foreign Markets: The International Strategy of a Medium-Sized Film Company

Foreign markets largely shaped the business strategy of LesFilms Albatros, a medium-sized, internationally networked specialtyproducer of films in interwar France. Depending more on foreignrevenues than did the Hollywood studios, Albatros also realizedhigher gross returns. Because films were capital goods providinga perishable product (seats at a specific time), their pricedepended on both expected performance and the threshold ticket-sellingcapacity necessary to recoup cinema fixed costs; some filmscould not be sold at any price. Given the small potential marketfor its films, Albatros had to find an intricate balance betweenproducing at low cost and delivering films with at least thresholdticket-selling capacity. It did so by differentiating its films,entering film distribution in France, coproducing internationally,and cooperating with Pathé and Gaumont, the two largestFrench film companies. While its larger European rivals wereobsessed with operational effectiveness vis-à-vis Hollywood,Albatros, by adopting a distinct strategic position, hardlyhad to pay attention to operational effectiveness at all. Itwas making a differentiated product for needs unserved by Hollywood.     

Foreign direct investment and intellectual property rights: evidence from Hollywood's global distribution of movies and videos

Traditional thinking about intellectual property rights (IPR) suggests that as a country strengthens its IPR standards, firms will move their governance structures away from equity based institutions such as foreign direct investment (FDI) towards more market-based relations such as licensing agreements. This hypothesis is explored by examining the behavior of Hollywood studios in both the feature film and video markets in 40 foreign countries. The analysis reveals that the behavior of Hollywood studios is more complex than this: although moderate IPRs are associated with a high degree of licensing, both high and low standards of IPR encourage more integrated governance structures.     

Gay men on film: A typology of the scopophilic consumption pleasures of cultural text

In this paper, drawing on feminist film criticism, cultural theory, and reader response criticism, I discuss the consumption experience of viewing in the context of the analysis and interpretation of Hollywood films that represent gay characters. I then discuss various films in light of these concepts: The Boys in the Band from the 1970s, Cruising from the 1980s, and several films from the “Gay 90s” including Philadelphia and In & Out. Portrayals of gay men have changed dramatically over the years: from those of lonely, sad, and self‐loathing queens to dangerous and perverse leathermen to the very positive and seemingly affirming representations in 1990s films. A theoretical interpretation‐in the form of a typology of scopophilic pleasures‐is offered to further an understanding of these filmic portrayals and the consumption pleasure viewers may derive from watching.     

美国电影预告片检查制度及其合法性

预告片本质上是电影广告,这是美国预告片检查制度得以建立的必要性与合法性所在。作为电影广告,预告片在很大程度上能够影响电影票房收入。为了吸引观众,预告片以性、色情、暴力、吸毒等内容为主要叙事元素,引发政府与压力集团的谴责与反对,催生出美国预告片检查制度。这种检查制度建立于古典好莱坞时期,历经新好莱坞时期并延续至今。预告片检查的合法性基础在于预告片是不受《第一修正案》完全保护的商业表达。但是,随着制作艺术与技术的提升,预告片逐渐成为兼具商业性与艺术性的混合表达,预告片检查制度的合法性面临挑战。     

In Which the Brand-Object Becomes the Brand-Person

In this extract from his new book, Hollywood Washes Whiter, Jacques Seguela, the Publicity Director of Francois Mitterrand's campaign for the French Presidency, and founder and Creative Director of Roux, Seguela, Cayzac and Goudard, discusses his view of the brand, and how it should be regarded. The article was translated from the original French specially for Journal of Advertising.     

Tom Sito. Drawing The Line: The Untold Story of the Animation Unions from Bosko to Bart Simpson

Drawing the Line happens to be one of the most intriguing laborstories of the culture industry, with a distinct historicalnarrative that extends from the 1930s to the present day. The author takes us where viewers and readers, even readerson scholarly volumes about Hollywood, rarely go: behind thecamera and inside the animation studio. Because Sito was a protégéof industry old-timers as he built his own reputation in theprofession during the 1980s and 1990s,     

Caribbean ,More than Myths

Have you ever watched the movie of Pirates of the Caribbean?This Hollywood movie hit several headlines in its time and pushed a charming and mysterious Caribbean under limelight.The Latin America and the Caribbean area caught the world's eyesight,so from China.On February 27th,the fourth session of CASS (Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)International Forum focus on Latin America and the Caribbean affairs was heldin Beijing,China.     

International diffusion and intellectual property rights: An empirical analysis

Does a stronger intellectual property rights regime lead to the faster diffusion of new products and technology? While there is a presumption that this is the case, our analysis of data on the international release patterns of Hollywood movies suggests a more complex story: although moderate standards of IPR encourage the spread of movies, either very weak or very strong property rights tend to slow the speed with which American movies are released abroad. This empirical finding is robust to a wide variety of specifications. Overall, it appears that while some recognition of IPR may encourage diffusion, very strong IPR may actually retard the speed of diffusion.     

Commercialization and Chinese Cinema's Post-wave

The development of Chinese cinema's commercial entertainment trend from the mid to late 1990s was both the result and the manifestation of the Chinese film industry's shifting economic and cultural orientations. The marketization and decentralization of the film industry directly contributed to the surge of entertainment pictures. The ongoing economic reform was accompanied by the rise of popular culture led by Hollywood imports, which further opened the floodgates to Chinese cinema's commercial entertainment wave. Major cinematic trends during the period are addressed. Such trends directly responded to the industry's marketization agenda.     

Key Factors in Understanding Trends in Hollywood Product Placements from 2005 to 2015

This study updates extant product placement research by identifying the evolutions in product placements between 2005 and 2015 in top grossing Hollywood films. Using a quantitative content analysis, this research also offers insights into how production costs impact the use and implementation of product placements. The findings revealed films with lower production costs have significantly more placements overall, products are on screen longer, more brands are in films, products are mentioned and shown more often, and films contain more character involvement. Significant increases were found between 2005 and 2015 in all variables except the number of brands and length of placements.     

Therapy

Aptly known as the “talking cure,” therapy typically involves a client reflecting on their personal challenges and a provider guiding the conversation with feedback, questions, and non-verbal cues. How did this rare medical treatment of the early twentieth century evolve into a pervasive cultural trope and marketplace icon – and why? To answer these questions, this article offers three different histories of therapy: (1) an academic history of the schools of therapy, from psychoanalysis to positive psychology, (2) an economic history of the growth of therapy, from rare treatment to mainstream health-care, and (3) a cultural history of the diffusion of therapy, from health-care service to Hollywood movies, television serials, news programs, talk shows, reality TV, pop music, and everyday conversation.     

Ethics of Celebrities and Their Increasing Influence in 21st Century Society

The influence of celebrities in the 21st century extends far beyond the traditional domain of the entertainment sector of society. During the recent Palestinian presidential elections, the Hollywood actor Richard Gere broadcast a televised message to voters in the region and stated, “Hi, I’m Richard Gere, and I’m speaking for the entire world”. Celebrities in the 21st century have expanded from simple product endorsements to global political and international diplomacy. The celebrities industry is undergoing, “mission creep”, or the expansion of an enterprise beyond its original goals (Hyde, 2009). The global internet is one of the major drivers of this phenomenon. The contribution of this paper is to analyse this global phenomenon and the potential implications for business ethics research.     

American Glamour 2.0: architecture,spectacle, and social media

In this article, I argue that the layered notion of glamour, a term familiar from mid-twentieth-century film, architecture and popular culture, has increasing relevance in today’s hyperpublic world of social media, internet image-construction, and market segmentation. The creation and consumption of Hollywood images and slick advertising copy has long involved processes of narrative construction, projection, performance, and self-assessment that hold significant parallels for our culture of customized Instagram feeds, “Facebook envy” and other forms of digital communication, reception, and surveillance. Increasingly, contemporary public space is being shaped as a platform for the production and consumption of such data; a concomitant increase both in the development of techniques for surveillance and in the creation of defensible private spaces – both domestic and spiritual – creates new challenges for designers of both physical and online environments.     

The Economic Significance of the Film Business: An Empirical Analysis of the Italian Market

Most studies indicate Hollywood's economic and financial leadership in the movie markets from the 1910s onward. There is a shortfall in the literature concerning the analysis of the efficacy of other minor film industries. This article examines the Italian film industry in the 1990s and beginning of the twenty‐first century. The research suggests that the Italian film industry is very risky and unpredictable, but while the extreme uncertainty surrounding the business is offset by the considerable economic success that Hollywood movies achieve at the box office, as indicated by previous literature contributions, a different business scenario emerges in Italy. The value of this article is first represented by the data used—provided by the Osservatorio of Cinecittà—which is unique and has not been published before. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

The French film industry: A crisis of art and commerce

Three decades after “New Wave” directors JeanLuc Godard, François Truffaut, Claude Chabrol and Eric Rohmer captivated the world with a revolutionary style and an uncompromising vision, the French film industry is in a state of crisis. No longer a dominant cinematic force even in its own country, the proud inventors of filmed entertainment sit aghast as Hollywood siphons millions of francs out of its citizens' pockets and lures away the country's promising young talent. At a time when bold new American directors like Quentin Tarantino, Larry Clark and Tom DiCillo are pushing French film out of the art houses where it once reigned, the audience for foreign language features in the United States is graying and not being replenished. Unless French filmmakers switch reels and begin to make movies that the global marketplace demands, the country that produced classic motion pictures like “L'Année Dernière à Marienbad,” “Jules et Jim” and “Jean de Florette” will become just another ancillary market.     

The Main Determinants of Bollywood Movie Box Office Sales

ABSTRACT

The Indian film industry produces more movies and sells more tickets than any other movie industry, with revenues second only to those of the U.S. film industry. We employ a two-by-two research design to investigate the main determinants of Indian movie sales overseas using two measures of movie performance for two countries of destination. By examining data and testing our hypotheses on a sample of 330 films, we identify effects related to brand, product, distribution, and consumers during opening week as well as total box office sales both individually and collectively. Results show that the groups of variables affecting Bollywood opening week sales for both countries of destination are identical in sequence and importance (distribution, product, brand, consumer variables). For total box office sales, they are similar, with the exception of the first group. For the United Kingdom, consumer-related variables predominate while distribution-related variables predominate in the United States, followed then for both countries by product- and brand-related variables. Results underscore previous findings for Hollywood movies, indicating that movie success factors are global rather than regional or national.     

2FSK信号"指纹"特征的研究

人有表示个体属性的指纹特征 ,无线电通信信号 (下称信号 )是否存在描述个体电台的电子“指纹”特征 (下称“指纹”特征 )呢 ?文中分析了信号“指纹”特征存在的可能性 ,并以 2FSK信号为例 ,论述了 2FSK信号应具有的“指纹”特征 ,同时提取了其中部分“指纹”特征。     

Good guy vs. bad guy: the influence of parasocial interactions with media characters on brand placement effects

Although brand placements are frequently associated with media characters within movies or TV series, and viewers are well known to relate to such characters, previous research has scarcely dealt with media characters’ influence on brand placement effects. Addressing this, two studies investigate the influence of parasocial interactions with media characters on perceptions of brands related to media characters. The first study applied a 1 × 2 between-subjects design, assuming that positively represented characters elicit greater parasocial interaction and, subsequently, more favourable brand attitudes compared with negatively represented characters. The results confirm the assumed indirect effect. A second study was able to replicate the first study's findings in a different setting and to introduce brand familiarity as an important moderator of the mediation found in the first and second study (moderated mediation). The underlying mechanism and implications are discussed.     

原创《水浒传》中的典型形象初探

《水浒传》是我国四大名著之一,是我国历史上著名作家施耐庵所著,其小说中塑造的人物形象十分典型,在人物形象塑造上极具典型性。本文主要针对原创《水浒传》中比较典型的一种人物形象进行分析,希望通过本文的分析能让广大读者更加清晰小说中人物形象塑造的意义和对现实社会中人性的写实性意义。     

“六书”转注新解

转注既非用字法，更非造字法，而是对于一种文字关系的揭示。转注当是指：彼字由此字之形体转生．彼字之意义包含于此字之中，彼字之读音近乎此字。