信息不对称性与风险企业相机控制权安排的关系分析

相机控制权安排是风险投资合约的中心问题之一。在风险资本融资时,存在信息不对称和逆向选择问题。创业家向风险资本家转移的控制权是显示其类型的信号,这是一个不完全信息动态博弈问题。拥有相机控制权的风险资本家会根据事后的信息决定是否对风险企业进行干预。如果进行干预,创业家得不到私人利益。因此,风险资本家拥有相机控制权,对好创业家来说,成本是很低的,对坏创业家而言,是很大的威胁,从而使好创业家得到融资的同时,减少了坏创业家进行融资的可能性。     

虚拟企业知识共享风险产生机理研究

虚拟企业知识共享风险的产生根源可归结为:知识模糊性;信息不对称和机会主义;企业核心能力的知识依赖性。虚拟企业知识共享风险具有均衡性,企业对虚拟企业知识共享所作的决策、虚拟企业知识共享合约安排形式和虚拟企业成员间信息不对称程度均会对虚拟企业知识共享风险的均衡性产生影响。     

基于人力资本不确定性的风险投资契约设计

信息不对称是契约理论的核心概念 ,是交易契约设计的最基本原因。目前很多研究者都倾向于风险投资过程中的信息不对称主要来自于高新技术的不确定性 ,认为信息缺口是因人们对某种专业知识的缺乏。在风险投资契约过程中 ,信息不对称的根源并不是自然技术的外生不确定性 ,而是人力资本的内生不确定性 ,具体表现为人力资本投入、产出、退出三个方面的不确定性。风险投资的契约设计应基于人力资本的不确定性。风险投资应分段进行并设计好剩余索取权分配与剩余控制权安排等契约条款。     

风险投资中的信息不对称与制衡机制安排

风险投资是对新创立企业的投资 ,由于信息的不对称性 ,存在很高的投资风险 ,决定了风险投资与众不同的治理安排。文章对存在于风险投资者、风险投资家、创业者之间的信息不对称 ,分析了风险投资中的制衡机制。     

风险投资退出方式的比较与选择

风险投资的退出是风险投资运作过程中不可缺少的环节。目前风险投资的退出方式主要有四种:首次公开上市、并购、回购和清算。这四种退出方式有着各自的优缺点,因而在选择时应考虑多方面的因素,包括不同的金融体系、风险企业的收益、风险企业的控制权、股权购买者解决信息不对称的能力以及经济景气程度等,这样才能做出正确选择。     

基于招聘流程的信息不对称风险防范

招聘过程是企业与应聘者动态博弈的过程。在招聘实践中,企业常常处在信息不对称的劣势地位,这给企业用人带来了很大风险。本文首先分析了招聘过程中信息不对称给企业带来的用人风险,然后提出了在招募、选拔、录用和评估阶段需要采取的风险防范措施。关键词：招聘流程信息不对称风险招聘过程是企业与应聘者相互接触、认知的过程,也是一个动态博弈的过程。     

控制权分配原理研究

控制权共享是现代企业发展的必然趋势,但共享并不是固定不变,也不是平均分配。利益相关主体控制权权重的变化是多种因素作用的结果,这些因素包括:股权结构、资产重要性、超股权主义制度、信息不对称、影响力和制度真空。     

风险投资介入对中小企业控制权转移的影响

本文在对风险投资(VC)与控制权转移的相关研究进行综述的基础上,理论探讨了风险投资介入对中小企业控制权转移的影响。结果显示:风险投资介入的控制权是一种状态依存权,风险企业家与风险投资家依据中小企业不同成长阶段与方式行使控制权转移;契约的不完备性决定了风险企业家与风险投资家通过控制权安排解决道德风险。     

国有企业债务重组契约安排

本文借鉴国外风险投资家在对创业企业投资过程中有效地控制和防范风险的契约安排方式,提出并论证资产管理公司以“债转股”对国有企业进行债务重组时,采取分阶段“债转股”和激励相容两种契约安排方式可以有效地解决债务重组中因信息不对称而产生的逆向选择和道德风险问题。     

信息不对称、不完全契约与个人住房抵押贷款违约风险

当前我国个人住房抵押贷款违约风险主要源于信息不对称和信贷契约不完全,本文提出了通过提高信息对称度、建立激励相容的约束机制来加强个人住房抵押贷款违约风险管理的制度安排和政策性建议。     

监督和风险企业控制权安排的关系分析

在风险企业中,风险资本家的主要功能是监督。通过他的监督,降低了创业家选择好行为的机会成本,减少了为了满足他的激励兼容约束而必须给予他的收益,放松了项目得以实施对创业家自有资本的要求,提高了项目融资的可能性。为了保证风险资本家监督的有效性,必须赋予他对风险企业的控制权。与成熟企业不同,风险资本家的控制权大小与他投入的资金多少并没有直接联系。他往往具有超比例的控制权,甚至控制董事会的权力。     

Venture capitalist participation and the performance of Chinese IPOs

We examine the effects of venture capitalist participation in IPOs in China and find that VC-backed firms are more underpriced than non-VC firms. Both VC-backed and non-VC-backed IPOs experience long-run underperformance; however, VC-backed IPOs perform significantly better. The higher level of underpricing and cost of going public for the VC-backed firms are consistent with the monitoring role of the VC. Finally, the fact that VC reputation is associated with lower underpricing is consistent with the reputational capital theory, which asserts that reputable VCs use their expertise and experience to minimize underpricing in order to preserve their reputational capital.     

Venture capitalists at work: A diff-in-diff approach at late-stages of the screening process

In this paper we use a new methodology aimed at identifying only the venture capitalists (VC) treatment effect: we compare a representative sample of firms financed by private VC in the period 2004–2014 with a sample of firms rejected by VC at the very late-stages of the screening process. These firms narrowly lost the contest and are hence very similar, before VC financing, to the VC backed firms; self-selection is specifically taken into account. In line with previous results, Italian startups financed by VC reach a larger size and become more innovative than other startups. On the contrary, sales growth is similar and profitability is worse than firms in the control group. VC-backed companies experience larger rise in labor costs, while the commercialization of their innovative projects takes longer: this explains their worse profitability and the deterioration in their credit score. Both effects tend to disappear after four years from VC financing, when sales increase for VC-backed firms at the same pace as for the control group. Unlike other studies, no differences are detected for the survivorship rates of VC-backed firms in Italy. We also provide new evidence on the impact of VC on firms’ financial structures: VC-backed firms show a much larger increase in equity; this rise is however only half the increase in total assets that is hence not only explained by the injection of VC equity. Another result in this direction is that the effects on firms’ size and innovation hold when we restrict the control group to firms that also increase their equity from investors different from VC; this suggests that VC effects on size and innovation might also be linked to their managerial expertise and network connections. Finally, in line with previous evidence, the effects found in the paper are exclusively driven by independent VC investors compared with captive VC.     

Venture Capitalists, Syndication and Governance in Initial Public Offerings

This paper examines the development of effective boards in venture capital (VC)-backed initial public offerings. It argues that VC-backed IPOs suffer from two sets of agency costs which are related to principal–agent and principal–principal relationships between the founders and members of the VC syndicate. Using a unique sample of 293 entrepreneurial IPOs in the UK it shows that VC syndicates invest in relatively more risky firms. VC-backed IPOs have more independent boards than IPOs with no VC involvement, with board independence being higher in syndicated VC-backed firms. These results are consistent with assumption that these governance factors are used to mitigate agency costs associated with VC involvement in IPO firms. We also find that in syndicated IPOs there is a higher equity presence of passive private equity firms investing alongside VC firms.     

国内市场风险资本家参与IPO的效应分析

本文通过对我国风险资本家参与IPO产生的各种效应的实证分析,提出一些解决方案和措施,以帮助风险资本家消除参与IPO产生的各种负面效应和增强正面效应,这些措施包括不断完善国内的创业板市场、优化被投资企业的内部治理结构、为风险投资建立有效的市场支撑环境和准确定位政府在风险投资中的角色。     

Incremental impact of venture capital financing

This paper investigates the differences in the return generating process of venture capital (VC)-backed firms and their peers that operate without VC financing. Using a unique hand-picked database of 990 VC-backed Belgian firms and a complete population of Belgian small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), we focus on the extent to which the presence of a VC investor affects the sensitivity of a firm’s returns to the changes in the capital structure, in the operating cycle, and in the industry dynamics. The differences may stem from the (self-) selection of better companies into VC portfolios, from the venture capitalists’ (VCs) value-adding activities, and/or from both. We examine these factors in the context of a complex simulation procedure which allows separating selection from value-adding when traditional approaches are difficult to implement. Our results indicate that VC-backed firms are able to extract more rent from the changing industry conditions and from the optimizations in their capital structure. The presence of VCs in the firm’s equity seems to have only a marginal effect on the operating cycle efficiency. Overall, the results are suggestive of the value-adding being the main driver of the VC-backed firm’s performance.     

Is venture capital socially responsible? Exploring the imprinting effect of VC funding on CSR practices

We study how corporate social responsibility (CSR) is guided by ownership history, specifically whether a company receives venture capital (VC) funding or not. We argue that companies that receive VC funding are less likely to adopt CSR practices due to unique VC imprinting and that temporal and investment orientation moderate this relationship. We find that VC-backed companies have poorer CSR records, which do improve over time, but at a comparatively slower rate than non-VC-backed companies. However, when VC-backed companies receive funding from VC firms that have a responsible investment orientation and a broader stakeholder view, their CSR records are significantly better. This study contributes to our understanding of imprinting boundaries and related repercussions in stakeholder management strategies.     

Venture capital investors and foreign listing choices of Chinese companies

We investigate the listing choice of Chinese VC-backed companies between a domestic market and foreign stock markets. Using a comprehensive sample of 2249 IPOs of Chinese companies that went public during the 1994–2013 period, we find that companies backed by Chinese domestic VCs are significantly less likely to list abroad while those backed by foreign VCs or co-invested by foreign and domestic VCs are significantly more likely to do so. We further find that the introduction of a domestic stock market for high-tech start-ups (the ChiNext Board) significantly reduces the likelihood to list abroad. However, the effect of VC participation largely disappears after the introduction of the ChiNext Board, in that the companies backed by foreign or co-invested VCs are more likely to list domestically. Moreover, we find that VC-backed IPOs have larger issuance sizes, but we find no impact on IPO underpricing of these Chinese companies. These results on IPO outcome hold for both the full sample and a matched sample using propensity score matching.     

Dynamic capabilities and venture performance: The effects of venture capitalists

After going through the initial public offering (IPO), new ventures face increased competition, greater public examination, and increased government scrutiny. Resource base weaknesses and external forces pose severe threats to the survival and success of new ventures. Building from resource-based theory, we first examine and delineate dynamic capabilities from entrepreneurial capabilities in entrepreneurship. We then develop theory to explain how venture capitalists (VCs) endue their ventures with greater dynamic capabilities in order to address these weaknesses and threats. We test our hypotheses on a match-pair sample of VC-backed and non-VC-backed new ventures and find that VC-backed ventures demonstrate greater dynamic capabilities as they relate to product and management development but do not display any greater dynamic capabilities as they relate to legal and government regulation threats. Further analysis also revealed that VC experience and VC reputation were positively related to 1-year stock price returns.