共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
David I. Stern John C. V. Pezzey N. Ross Lambie 《The Australian journal of agricultural and resource economics》2012,56(3):315-331
Countries with low marginal costs of abating carbon emissions may have high total costs, and vice versa, for a given climate mitigation policy. This may help to explain different countries’ policy stances on climate mitigation. We hypothesize that, under a common percentage cut in emissions intensity relative to business as usual (BAU), countries with higher BAU emission intensities have lower marginal abatement costs, but total costs relative to output will be similar across countries, and under a common carbon price, relative total costs are higher in emission‐intensive countries. Using the results of the 22nd Energy Modeling Forum (EMF‐22), we estimate marginal abatement cost curves for the US, EU, China and India, which we use to estimate marginal and total costs of abatement under a number of policy options currently under international debate. This analysis provides support for our hypotheses, although its reliability is limited by the shortcomings of the EMF‐22 models and the degree to which our econometric model can adequately account for the substantial differences among them. 相似文献
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Minxing Jiang Bangzhu Zhu Julien Chevallier Rui Xie 《The Australian journal of agricultural and resource economics》2018,62(3):457-479
In order to improve the efficiency of climate change initiatives China launched its national carbon market in December 2017. Initial CO2 quota allocations are a matter of significant concern. How should we allocate CO2 emissions reduction responsibilities among Chinese provinces, assuming that provinces will not or cannot trade these responsibilities among themselves? In this paper, we allocate CO2 quota from the perspective of cost minimisation. First, we estimate the national CO2 marginal abatement cost (MAC) function and deduce the interprovincial MAC functions. Second, we build an allocation model with nonlinear programming for cost minimisation. Finally, we obtain the allocation results under the emissions reduction target by 2030. The results are as follows. (i) The national MAC was 134.3 Yuan/t (at the constant price of 1978) in 2011, with an overall upward trend from 1990 to 2011. (ii) The interprovincial MACs differ significantly and decline gradually from east to west. Hebei has the largest emissions reduction quota, and Shandong has the largest emissions quota by 2030. (iii) Compared with other criteria of per capita, gross domestic product (GDP), grandfathering and carbon intensity, the proposed approach is the most cost‐effective in achieving the reduction target, with cost savings of 37.7, 34.5, 47.9 and 33.87 per cent, respectively. 相似文献
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[目的]林业碳汇作为较为易得的负排放技术,对于实现碳中和不可或缺。但林业碳汇抵消政策推行时间较短,评估其在分担减排压力中的效应对于相关政策优化具有重要意义。[方法]文章基于产业组织理论框架分析林业碳汇减排的抵消机理;然后,基于2000—2020年中国30个省(市、区,不含港澳台和西藏)的面板数据,采用方向距离函数测算了各省市的边际减排成本,进而采用合成控制法以北京、广东、福建的林业碳汇抵消政策应用为自然实验,并采用安慰剂检验和双重差分检验验证了结果的有效性。[结果](1)林业碳汇抵消政策是融合多种效益后的帕累托改进,但它只有在控排企业购买林业碳汇的总效用边际损失低于其采用其他减排方式产生的边际成本时,才能有效分担减排压力;而且,严格的碳减排政策会增强控排企业对林业碳汇的需求意愿。(2)受地理位置、经济水平和产业结构的影响,林业碳汇抵消政策分担减排压力的效应存在区域异质性。林业碳汇抵消政策分担了广东和福建的减排压力,但北京的减排压力仍旧处于上升状态。[结论]提出林业碳抵消政策应结合区域特点差异化实施,对于森林资源丰富的省市,采用跨区域交易的方式,与森林资源匮乏的地区形成对接,产生溢出效应,避免因需求不足造成资源闲置;对于经济发展水平较高的省市,采用提高林业碳汇抵消比例的方式降低减排压力。另外,资源配置应激发市场活力,实现供需的同步均衡。 相似文献
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[目的]通过构建辽吉黑农产品供应链大数据平台,以期实现东北地区经济持续发展,整合辽吉黑农产品种植、生产、运输等分散主体,有效协调政府部门监管、企业加工和运输、消费者等之间的利益提供借鉴。[方法]文章分析辽吉黑农产品发展现状及以零散农户为中心、以中间商为中心、以龙头企业为中心、以农民合作社为中心的4种农产品供应链模式,剖析辽吉黑农产品供应链存在生产信息化水平落后、农产品物流技术滞后、农产品信息服务平台缺失等问题,构建辽吉黑农产品供应链大数据平台。[结果]辽吉黑农产品供应链大数据平台可实现4个功能:(1)通过建立省级或者大区域农产品信息平台,有助于实现农产品资源跨区域整合和流通,实现资源优化配置,有利于各参与者统筹规划,实现农产品资源互联互通和农产品信息共享;(2)突破传统单一的某个环节监管、某一链条监管,实现从田间到餐桌全链条监管;(3)从传统的提供数据供应、需求向整条链条上农产品供给数量、需求数量、加工企业、分销网络等数据信息归纳、处理和分析,从提供信息向提供决策服务转变;(4)从事后处理向事前预警、风险防控转变,极大提升了政府各职能部门的监管效率和监管力度。[结论]采用\"互联网+\"思路构建的农产品供应链大数据平台,可促进农产品的协调和增值效应,确保农产品供应链健康、安全、可持续发展。 相似文献
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[目的]已有研究对目标价格政策的分析具有较强的启发意义,但对籽棉交易价格方面的研究较少。文章通过实证数据分析影响籽棉交易价格的相关因素,试图找到植棉农户交易风险的重要变量。[方法]分区间统计新疆28个县市1 140份交易数据,使用分位数回归模型对整个数据样本进行解析,并采用bootstrap方法对籽棉交易价格进行分位数回归,进一步解释各因素对籽棉交易价格的影响。[结果](1)随着分位点的提高,籽棉交易数量对籽棉交易价格的影响程度呈现出先下降后上升的\"U型\"趋势,交易规模扩大对籽棉交易价格提升的作用较为明显;(2)在0.7分位点以前,有中介对籽棉交易价格的影响程度较为稳定;(3)随着分位点的提高,南疆对籽棉交易价格的影响程度越来越大;(4)在低分位点籽棉交易等级对籽棉交易价格的影响具有不确定性;(5)随着籽棉交易的进行,籽棉交易价格与籽棉交易时间呈现出显著的负相关关系。[结论]籽棉交易价格会因各种因素影响而发生变化,其中单个农户籽棉交易数量的提高会有利于单笔籽棉交易价格的提高,交易时间与籽棉交易价格具有明显负向关系;南北疆籽棉交易价格因地域不同而出现差别;棉花交易等级对籽棉交易价格形成具有显著影响,但同一长度不同等级籽棉交易价格基本一致;不同棉花交易主体对籽棉交易价格的形成具有较大影响。 相似文献
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Vera Eory Cairistiona F. E. Topp Adam Butler Dominic Moran 《Journal of Agricultural Economics》2018,69(3):627-645
The agricultural sector, as an important source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, is under pressure to reduce its contribution to climate change. Decisions on financing and regulating agricultural GHG mitigation are often informed by cost‐effectiveness analysis of the potential GHG reduction in the sector. A commonly used tool for such analysis is the bottom‐up marginal abatement cost curve (MACC) which assesses mitigation options and calculates their cumulative cost‐effective mitigation potential. MACCs are largely deterministic, typically not reflecting uncertainties in underlying input variables. We analyse the uncertainty of GHG mitigation estimates in a bottom‐up MACC for agriculture, for those uncertainties capable of quantitative assessment. Our analysis identifies the sources and types of uncertainties in the cost‐effectiveness analysis and estimates the statistical uncertainty of the results by propagating uncertainty through the MACC via Monte Carlo analysis. For the case of Scottish agriculture, the uncertainty of the cost‐effective abatement potential from agricultural land, as expressed by the coefficient of variation, was between 9.6% and 107.3% across scenarios. This means that the probability of the actual abatement being less than half of the estimated abatement ranged from <1% (in the scenario with lowest uncertainty) to 32% (in the scenario with highest uncertainty). The main contributors to uncertainty are the adoption rate and abatement rate. While most mitigation options appear to be ‘win–win’ under some scenarios, many have a high probability of switching between being cost‐ineffective and cost‐effective. 相似文献
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Ashutosh K. Tripathi;Ashok K. Mishra; 《The Australian journal of agricultural and resource economics》2024,68(1):168-185
The study investigates the effects of public stockholding on price dynamics and volatility in the Indian wheat market. A quantile autoregression method is used as a flexible representation of price dynamics and is based on a reduced-form methodology. The findings reveal that public stockholdings have significant price effects, but the results vary significantly in price distribution. Further, we show local dynamic stability in the price distribution for all quantiles. However, dynamic adjustments tend to be qualitatively different across stockholding regimes, suggesting that price stability becomes less pronounced when stocks are low. Given the limitation of public stockholding in smoothing price fluctuations over time and the program's high costs, our analysis highlights the need to explore other alternative mechanisms such as trade, for example, in achieving stability in food prices. 相似文献
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Ashutosh K. Tripathi; 《Agricultural Economics》2024,55(2):412-427
The study investigates the effect of price support policies on market price distribution and its dynamics in the Indian wheat market. The analysis uses a quantile autoregression model that provides a flexible representation of price dynamics and the 2001–2020 monthly wholesale market price data. The analysis is conducted conditional on the net stock level held in the previous period. The results reveal that the net purchase by the government prevented very low market prices for wheat but resulted in price spikes. It has a price-enhancing effect as well. The associated moments of price distribution show that public stockholding reduced variation in market price distribution. However, the government's release of stock did not prevent price rises. Findings show that dynamic adjustments tend to be qualitatively different across regimes. Government intervention in the grain market reduced stability through dynamic adjustments in wheat market prices. The results have policy implications for India and other countries in Southeast Asia in the context of the WTO's negotiations on public stockholdings and using public stockholdings as an instrument in addressing price volatility and food shortages. 相似文献
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Sorada Tapsuwan Gordon Ingram Michael Burton Donna Brennan 《The Australian journal of agricultural and resource economics》2009,53(4):527-545
Up to 60 per cent of potable water supplied to Perth, Western Australia, is extracted from the groundwater system that lies below the northern part of the metropolitan area. Many of the urban wetlands are groundwater‐dependent and excessive groundwater extraction and climate change have resulted in a decline in water levels in the wetlands. In order to inform decisions on conserving existing urban wetlands, it is beneficial to be able to estimate the economic value of the urban wetlands. Applying the Hedonic Property Price approach to value urban wetlands, we found that distance to the nearest wetland and the number of wetlands within 1.5 km of a property significantly influence house sales price. For a property that is 943 m away from the nearest wetland, which is the average distance to the wetland in this study, reducing the wetland distance by 1 m will increase the property price by AU$42.40. Similarly, the existence of an additional wetland within 1.5 km of the property will increase the sales price by AU$6976. For a randomly selected wetland, assuming a 20 ha isolated circular wetland surrounded by uniform density housing, the total sales premium to surrounding properties was estimated to be around AU$140 million (AU$40 million and AU$230 million). 相似文献
12.
Kai Tang Atakelty Hailu Marit E. Kragt Chunbo Ma 《The Australian journal of agricultural and resource economics》2016,60(3):459-475
Broadacre agriculture is a major emitter of greenhouse gases (GHG). To improve efficiency of climate change policies, we need to know the marginal abatement costs of agricultural GHG. This article combines calculations of on‐farm GHG emissions with an input‐based distance function approach to estimate the marginal abatement costs for a broadacre farming system in the Great Southern Region of Western Australia. The results show that, in the study region, the average marginal abatement cost for the 1998–2005 periods was $29.3 per tonne CO2‐e. Farms with higher crop output shares were found to have higher marginal abatement costs. Overall, our results indicate that broadacre agriculture is among the lowest cost sources of GHG mitigation. 相似文献
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Dominic Moran Michael Macleod Eileen Wall Vera Eory Alistair McVittie Andrew Barnes Robert Rees Cairistiona F. E. Topp Andrew Moxey 《Journal of Agricultural Economics》2011,62(1):93-118
This article addresses the challenge of developing a ‘bottom‐up’ marginal abatement cost curve (MACC) for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from UK agriculture. An MACC illustrates the costs of specific crop, soil and livestock abatement measures against a ‘business as usual’ scenario. The results indicate that in 2022 under a specific policy scenario, around 5.38 Mt CO2 equivalent (e) could be abated at negative or zero cost. A further 17% of agricultural GHG emissions (7.85 Mt CO2e) could be abated at a lower unit cost than the UK Government’s 2022 shadow price of carbon [£34 (tCO2e)?1]. The article discusses a range of methodological hurdles that complicate cost‐effectiveness appraisal of abatement in agriculture relative to other sectors. 相似文献
14.
Joakim Gullstrand Rembert De Blander Staffan Waldo 《Journal of Agricultural Economics》2014,65(1):87-111
Multi‐functionality and the provision of eco‐system services are politically highly prioritised aspects of farming. This study uses a Symmetric Generalised McFadden cost function to analyze the relationship between costs of production and the provision of biodiversity for Swedish milk farms. Biodiversity indicators are based on the number of valuable plant species present at the farm and are modeled as an output in the cost function. The results show that the marginal cost of biodiversity increases with higher provision, and that an increased provision of biodiversity also increases the costs of market commodities such as milk and beef. The upward slope of the marginal cost of biodiversity and its competitive relationship with market goods questions the efficiency of support schemes based on voluntary programmes with a flat‐rate per hectare compensation. Instead, the results support targeted environmental policy schemes with zonings and/or the use of biodiversity indicators. 相似文献
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M. Ejaz Qureshi Jeff Connor Mac Kirby Mohammed Mainuddin 《The Australian journal of agricultural and resource economics》2007,51(3):283-303
This article is an economic analysis of reallocating River Murray Basin water from agriculture to the environment with and without the possibility of interregional water trade. Acquiring environmental flows as an equal percentage of water allocations from all irrigation regions in the Basin is estimated to reduce returns to irrigation. When the same volume of water is taken from selected low-value regions only, the net revenue reduction is less. In all scenarios considered, net revenue gains from freeing trade are estimated to outweigh the negative revenue effects of reallocating water for environmental flows. The model accounts for how stochastic weather affects market water demand, supply and requirements for environmental flows. Net irrigation revenue is estimated to be 75 million less than the baseline level for a scenario involving reallocating a constant volume of water for the environment in both wet and dry years. For a more realistic scenario involving more water for the environment in wet and less in dry years, estimated net revenue loss is reduced by 48 per cent to 39 million. Finally, the external salinity-related costs of water trading are estimated at around 1 million per annum, a quite modest amount compared to the direct irrigation benefits of trade. 相似文献
17.
Estimation of Area Elasticities from a Standard Profit Function 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This article demonstrates that both crop area and output elasticities can be calculated from a profit function. A Chambers/Just profit function (which includes land allocations as quasi-fixed factors) is used to derive shadow price equations for each crop area allocation. Jointly solving these shadow price equations for crop area makes it possible to calculate individual crop area elasticities. A profit function is specified to represent agricultural producers in the state of Iowa. Shadow price equations are jointly estimated with output supply and input demand equations. From these estimated equations, we derive the individual crop area response and output response to a change in prices. 相似文献
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This study employs data drawn from the 2000 Agricultural Resource Management Survey, a U.S. Department of Agriculture-sponsored farmers' survey. The article estimates returns to scale relationships across dairy farms of different sizes and across different regions, incorporating variables hypothesized to influence farm performance. Results point to significant scale economies in U.S. dairy farms and underscore the importance of taking account of inefficiency when estimating scale economies. Contrary to previous research, the preferred cost function specification does not show a region of decreasing returns to scale. This finding helps explain why the average size of dairy farms has been increasing. 相似文献
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[目的]文章采用鸡蛋价格的周度批发和零售数据,从成本、替代品两个维度探讨鸡蛋价格波动的影响因素和非对称传导特征。[方法]通过滚动回归的方式探讨非对称传导特征的动态变化,并进一步探讨了鸡蛋批零价格之间的相互影响和非对称传导特点。[结果]成本、替代品价格变动对与鸡蛋批零价格具有正向影响和非对称特征,但在静态的线性回归模型中并不明显。鸡蛋批发价格受成本价格变动的影响更大,而零售价格受替代品价格变动的影响更大。在动态的滚动回归模型下,成本、替代品价格对鸡蛋价格波动具有十分明显的时变非对称特征,但这种非对称传导特征并不一致。鸡蛋批发价格早期对零售价格具有正向的非对称传导,但近年来趋向于对称传导。鸡蛋零售价格对批发价格总体具有负向的非对称传导特征,零售价格下降对批发价格的影响更大。[结论]需要建立蛋鸡产业成本—价格监测预警系统,充分发挥产业技术平台、行业协会、学会等研究机构在生产决策中的指导作用。不断完善鸡蛋供应链建设,增强调控与监管政策的灵活性与创新性。 相似文献
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We assess the spatial and intertemporal variation in farmland prices using per hectare minimum willingness to accept (WTA) sales and rental (shadow) prices in Malawi. We use three rounds of nationally representative farm household panel data from the Living Standards Measurement Surveys (LSMS), collected in 2010, 2013 and 2016. The sample is split in quintiles based on distance from the nearest major city, building on the land valuation and transaction cost theory, and agrarian political economy perspectives on global and national land transactions. Generally, farmland shadow prices decrease with distance from urban areas. However, farmland shadow sales prices increased more sharply between 2010 and 2013 in rural areas (+100 % vs +30 % in urban proximity). The results indicate that the sharp increase in demand for large-scale land transfers following the sharp increase in energy and food prices also affected rural smallholders’ land valuation, even in remote rural areas of Malawi. Conversely, by 2016 land shadow sales prices were again, like in 2010, about three times as high in areas near urban centres compared to remote rural areas. Even though sales prices declined in remote rural areas from 2013 to 2016, rental prices remained high. Using farm household-level population pressure variable, we show that local population pressure is a driver of farmland shadow prices, indicating land scarcity challenges, growing demand for land, and poorly developed land markets. With increasing land scarcity, land markets are becoming more important and need to be factored in when formulating development policies that aim to improve access to land in both peri-urban and rural areas. 相似文献