The Effect of Market Structure on the Incentives to Quote Aggressively: An Empirical Study of Nasdaq Market Makers

We use data on Nasdaq stocks to study arguments that preferencing reduces incentives to quote competitively. We examine a market maker's volume as a function of various measures of quoting aggressiveness. We find that more aggressive quoting does indeed result in more business. We also examine the relation between volume and quote aggressiveness as a function of the competitiveness. We find that in less (more) competitive markets, increased quote aggressiveness has a smaller (larger) impact on market share. We argue that preferencing arrangements could be more harmful to public investors in markets where competition is weak.     

Spreads, Depths, and Quote Clustering on the NYSE and Nasdaq: Evidence after the 1997 Securities and Exchange Commission Rule Changes

This paper examines liquidity and quote clustering on the NYSE and Nasdaq using data after the two market reforms—the 1997 order–handling rule and minimum tick size changes. We find that Nasdaq–listed stocks exhibit wider spreads and smaller depths than NYSE–listed stocks and stocks with higher proportions of even–eighth and even–sixteenth quotes have wider quoted, effective, and realized spreads on both the NYSE and Nasdaq. This result differs from the findings by Bessembinder (1999, p. 404) that "trade execution costs on Nasdaq in late 1997 are no longer significantly explained by a tendency for liquidity providers to avoid odd–eighth quotations," and "odd–sixteenth avoidance has little relevance for explaining post–reform Nasdaq trading costs."     

Price-Formation Process of an Emerging Futures Market: Call Auction Versus Continuous Auction

This study assesses the market qualities of alternative price-formation processes for an emerging futures market—the Taiwan futures market. In 2002, the price formation process in the market changed during the period of trade between call auction and continuous auction. The performances of call auction and continuous auction are compared using intraday data. Empirical results show that the market is more liquid, and volatility is slightly lower, under continuous auction than under call auction. Also, there is robust evidence that continuous auction improves informative efficiency. The study suggests that for an emerging futures market like that of Taiwan, continuous auction offers a better trading environment for futures trading. In addition to demonstrating the virtue of continuous auction, this study also finds that the asymmetry in volatility is related to the price formation process. The asymmetry effect exists under continuous auction, but not under call auction.     

Preferenced Trading,Quote Competition,and Market Quality: Evidence from Decimalization on the NYSE

We examine the impact of decimalization on preferenced trading in NYSE‐listed stocks and show a significant decline in preferenced trading around decimalization. For the largest NYSE stocks, the total decline is nearly 22%. We also find a negative correlation between the changes in preferenced trading and the changes in quote competition intensity, and a positive correlation between the changes in preferenced trading and the changes in spreads. Consistent with the cream skimming hypothesis, we find that abnormal changes in information asymmetry cost for NYSE trades are positively correlated with the changes in preferenced trading.     

证券衍生品种法制构建与《证券法》修改

本文提出，《证券法》修改时应明确证券衍生品种的法律地位，并应考虑证券衍生品种的特殊性，相关发行、上市、交易、产品认定等环节的具体制度设计应为证券衍生品种的发展留下应有的法律空间。本文认为，证券衍生品种交易场所定位于证券交易所是合理的。     

行为模型新解及其实证检验

在以信息逐步扩散和投资者有限理性为主要假设的行为模型中,特定信息交易者和市场信息交易者的比例对股价行为有着重要影响：当特定信息交易者占多数时,个股收益更容易呈现正自相关;当市场信息交易者占多数时,个股收益更容易呈现负自相关。该模型可以解释成熟股市中存在基于总收益的动量效应,而中国股市中不存在基于总收益的动量效应,仅存在基于公司特定收益的动量效应;并解释了市场平均收益呈现负自相关等。另外,实证分析支持了传统的CAPM和APT定价模型中的带越小,动量效应越显著的结论。     

Index Revision,House Price Risk,and the Market for House Price Derivatives

It is widely recognized that options and futures markets for housing can reduce and manage the risks inherent in consumers’ large investments in housing equity. The integrity of such markets depends, however, upon the use of transparent and replicable benchmarks for house prices and settlement values. In the USA, a series of state and metropolitan indexes have been produced by a government agency (the US Office of Housing Enterprise Oversight, OFHEO), and they have been widely disseminated for over a decade. By construction, the entire historical path of each of these indexes is, in principle, subject to revision quarterly, that is, every time the index is recalculated and data are published. This paper provides the first analysis of the magnitude and bias of these revisions, and it analyzes their systematic effects on the settlement prices in housing options markets. The paper considers the implications of these magnitudes for the development of risk-reducing futures markets.

对"认股权证"理论价值修正的实证分析

认股权证在许多方面既类似于又不同于看涨期权。影响其价值的因素比普通的期权复杂。本文应用连续时问金融中的经典模型——公司资本定价模型，从公司价值的角度出发，同时考虑股本稀释与现金流流入效应，对认股权证的理论价值进行分析，并以宝钢G股欧式认服权证为例做实证分析。     

托达罗入口流动行为模型的一个修正及其新解释

对托达罗人口流动行为模型进行修正，认为决定农村劳动力转移的是迁移的预期净收入，即托达罗模型中的预期收入中考虑工作目的地的生活费用之后的收入。工作目的地的生活费用是决定迁移者能否找到工作和是否留下来工作的重要因素之一。为了提高在城市中找到工作的概率。他们的迁移和工作生活决策基本上是有目的，有准备的理性行为。     

A UK Empirical Test of the Larson-Gonedes Exchange Ratio Model

This paper adopts the Larson-Gonedes merger exchange ratio determination model to investigate the bargaining area in UK takeovers involving share-for-share exchanges. The model focuses on price-earnings ratios rather than share price returns and so is more consistent with practical valuation methods than other approaches. The basic model is extended for the UK to consider both cash alternative offers and mixed offers involving cash and equity consideration. The model is tested on a sample of 95 UK takeovers between 1984 and 1988 using consecutively unadjusted, FT All Share Index adjusted and beta adjusted price bases. The analysis adopts the conventional chi-square test used by Conn and Nielsen but, in addition, a new test is developed based on a Generalised Likelihood Ratio. We find that on an unadjusted price basis there is greater support for the Larson-Gonedes model in the UK than Conn and Nielsen found for the US. However, our extended model based on adjusted prices provides more cautious support. In addition, we conduct a sensitivity analysis to test the robustness of the results and provide further evidence on the wealth effects on acquiring and acquired company shareholders.     

The Effects of Trading Methods on Volatility and Liquidity: Evidence from the Taiwan Stock Exchange

This study contrasts the call and continuous auction methods using Taiwan Stock Exchange data. Volatility under the call market method is approximately one-half of that under the continuous auction method. The call market method is more effective in reducing the volatility of high-volume stocks than low-volume stocks. This contradicts conventional wisdom which suggests that the call market method is superior for thinly traded stocks, while the continuous auction method is preferred for heavily traded stocks. The call market method does not impair liquidity and price discovery. The call market appears more efficient than in the continuous auction market.     

《公司法》修订与商业银行信贷债权的维护

新修订的《公司法》放宽了对公司设立与出资的管制,规范了公司的关联交易与对外担保行为,引入了法人人格否认制度,强化了对公司中小股东与债权人利益的保护。本文认为,在新《公司法》框架下,公司信用的基调已从静态的资本信用转向动态的资产信用。对此,作为公司债权人的商业银行,应当确立事前、事中和事后的不同措施,认真做好贷款管理和评价工作。商业银行必须关注客户公司内部治理和对外经营的动态变化,并分析这些变化对公司偿债资产的法律影响。在此基础上,商业银行应充分利用新《公司法》及其他相关法律赋予的权利,有效维护信贷债权。     

A Cross-Sectional Empirical Test of a Dual-State Multi-Factor Pricing Model

During empirical testing of the Capital Asset Pricing Model an assumption is typically made that risk is intertemporally constant. However, prior research finds that risk changes over time. We empirically test a conditional dual-state cross-sectional model allowing risk to change through prior identification of different market and economic states. We examine relationships between returns and conditional market and economic-factor betas, size, book-to-market equity, and earnings-price ratios. We find that relationships shift across regimes, suggesting the importance of a conditional, as opposed to unconditional, model. Relationships also change in January.     

证券交易的基本类型、创新策略及实现模式

询价、报价和竞价是传统的证券交易业务类型。为了充分利用日趋发达的交易技术，交易所交易业务不应仅局限于证券所有权的交换领域。新的交易业务概念是指所有通过交易系统进行的、分配有专门证券代码，并且接收委托申报的业务。新概念实质上将很多原场外的服务纳入了交易系统。为了高效地实现日益增多的交易业务，本文提出了交易业务“流水线”的概念，以及结构化和柔性化的设计理念，以上证所为例，交易系统的每条“流水线”都能跑多项业务；通过结构化的调整，能快速响应业务的新需求。     

A Dynamic Model of the Firm: Structural Explanations of Key Empirical Findings

We derive a dynamic model of the firm in the spirit of the trade‐off theory of capital structure that explains firm behavior in terms of firm characteristics. We show our model is consistent with many important findings about the cross‐section of firms, including the negative relations between profitability and leverage, and between dividends and investment‐cash flow sensitivities. The model also explains the existence of zero‐debt firms and their observed characteristics. These results have been used to challenge the trade‐off theory and the assumption of perfect capital markets. We revisit these critiques and provide structural explanations for the regularities we replicate.     

A Non-Parametric Option Pricing Model: Theory and Empirical Evidence

In this paper, we propose an empirically-based, non-parametric option pricing model to evaluate S&P 500 index options. Given the fact that the model is derived under the real measure, an equilibrium asset pricing model, instead of no-arbitrage, must be assumed. Using the histogram of past S&P 500 index returns, we find that most of the volatility smile documented in the literature disappears.     

也说金圣叹对王《西厢》的修改

金圣叹的《第六才子书西厢记》是继王实甫的《西厢记》之后,影响最大的一个版本。对于金圣叹的修改本,历来褒贬不一。本文通过对两个版本的比较,从正误、情节和语言等三个方面肯定了金圣叹的功劳。     

Brand Valuation: A Model and Empirical Study of Organisational Implications

This paper presents a model concerned with the organisational and behavioural implications associated with accounting for brand values. A series of propositional statements concerning the internal implications of brand value accounting are formulated and the relative strength of each proposition is analysed using data collected via a mailed survey. In interviews conducted with senior management in strongly-branded companies it was found that beneficial managerial implications are expected to result from a brand valuation. Interviewees saw these implications as primarily strategically, rather than operationally, orientated. This view was provided with some support by the survey data. Evidence is also provided that marketing directors perceive greater benefits arising from brand valuation than do finance directors.     

中国失业保险支出水平的测度模型与实证分析

中国失业保险制度应该保持合理的支出水平,衡量标准主要看其是否为失业者提供了适度的收入保障以及是否对就业起到积极的促进作用。本文建立了测量失业保险支出水平的数理模型,根据国外典型国家的经验数据大体确定了失业保险支出水平的适度界限,并对中国现实的失业保险支出水平及其影响因素进行了分析,最后提出了完善失业保险制度以及合理提高失业保险支出水平的政策建议。