节税三策

2010年,吉利成功收购沃尔沃100％的股权,成为中国汽车企业成功收购国外豪华汽车企业和品牌的第一宗案例,吉利汽车因此成为了国内外学术界及实务界关注的焦点。然而,民营企业在快速发展的过程中并没有得到国家特殊的倾斜性税收优惠,因此企业自身只有主动地进行有效的税务筹划,才能实现企业价值最大化。     

Saving money, saving lives

In 1996, Duke Children's Hospital was in serious trouble. Its $11 million annual operating loss had forced administrators to make cutbacks. As a result, some caregivers felt that the quality of care had deteriorated. Parents' complaints were on the rise. Frustrated staff members were quitting. In this article, Jon Meliones, DCH's chief medical director, candidly describes how his debt-ridden hospital transformed itself into a vibrant and profitable one. The problem, he realized, was that each group in DCH was focusing only on its individual mission. Doctors and nurses wanted to restore their patients to health; they didn't want to have to think about costs. Hospital administrators, for their part, were focused only on controlling wildly escalating health care costs. To keep DCH afloat, clinicians and administrators needed to work together. By listening to staff concerns, turning reams of confusing data into useful information, taking a fresh approach to teamwork, and using the balanced scorecard method, Meliones and his colleagues brought DCH back to life. Developing and implementing the balanced scorecard approach wasn't easy: it took a pilot project, a top-down reorganization, development of a customized information system, and systematic work redesign. But their efforts paid off. Customer satisfaction ratings jumped 18%. Improvements to internal business processes reduced the average length of stay 21% while the readmission rate fell from 7% to 3%. The cost per patient dropped nearly $5,000. And DCH recorded profits of $4 million in 2000. This first-person account is required reading for any executive seeking to revitalize a sagging organization. Meliones shares the operating principles DCH followed to become a thriving business.     

There's something about saving …

The paper considers how people should plan their saving, given certain assumptions about inheritance and changes in household circumstances. The results are produced by a model that takes into account tax and state benefits as well as various private savings vehicles. It concludes that, for many households, saving for retirement through a ‘pension’ might not be optimum and that the best strategy is to vary the incidence and allocation of saving in response to changes in household circumstances.     

The global rise of corporate saving

The sectoral composition of global saving changed dramatically during the last three decades. Whereas in the early 1980s most of global investment was funded by household saving, nowadays nearly two-thirds of global investment is funded by corporate saving. This shift in the sectoral composition of saving was not accompanied by changes in the sectoral composition of investment, implying an improvement in the corporate net lending position. We characterize the behavior of corporate saving using both national income accounts and firm-level data and clarify its relationship with the global decline in labor share, the accumulation of corporate cash stocks, and the greater propensity for equity buybacks. We develop a general equilibrium model with product and capital market imperfections to explore quantitatively the determination of the flow of funds across sectors. Changes including declines in the real interest rate, the price of investment, and corporate income taxes generate increases in corporate profits and shifts in the supply of sectoral saving that are of similar magnitude to those observed in the data.     

Precautionary saving and partially observed income

I propose an intertemporal precautionary saving model in which the agent's labor income is subject to (possibly correlated) shocks with different degrees of persistence and volatility. However, he only observes his total income, not individual components. I show that partial observability of individual components of income gives rise to additional precautionary saving due to estimation risk, the error associated with estimating individual components of income. This additional precautionary saving is higher, when estimation risk is greater. Compared with a precautionary agent who is otherwise identical, but ignores estimation risk, the rational agent consumes less at the beginning of his life, but consumes more later, because of larger wealth accumulated from savings for estimation risk. The utility cost of ignoring estimation risk is also quantified in closed form.     

撬动能效融资的三个杠杆

中国能效融资项目实施中的损失分担机制、技术支持、金融创新三项措施有效解除了银行对能效融资的顾虑,成为撬动能效融资的杠杆。     

Buffer stock saving in retirement accounts

We use a dynamic programming model to explore the possibility and extent of precautionary saving in tax-sheltered accounts such as the 401(k). The main policy experiment examines the behavior of saving for different levels of unemployment insurance (UI), which is a perfect substitute for precautionary saving against job loss. Our results indicate that increasing the generosity of UI crowds out 401(k) contributions made by younger workers, who save primarily for precautionary reasons. At the aggregate level, we find that 401(k)s increase national saving and that the magnitude of the effect depends on the generosity of UI.     

A two-account model of pension saving contracts

Saving contracts studied in the literature and available on the pension market share certain characteristics. An overview implies a unified formalization that exposes, at the same time, the common characteristics and the important differences. This article presents such a formalization in terms of two interacting accounts and specifies a series of examples from the literature and the market. We solve the valuation problem by derivation of a partial difference-differential equation and implementation of a numerical finite difference procedure. Illustrations are included.     

Investment in financial literacy and saving decisions

We present an intertemporal consumption model of investment in financial literacy. Consumers benefit from such investment because financial literacy allows them to increase the returns on wealth. Since literacy depreciates over time and has a cost in terms of current consumption, the model delivers an optimal investment in literacy. Furthermore, literacy and wealth are determined jointly, and are positively correlated over the life-cycle. The model drives our empirical approach to the analysis of the effect of financial literacy on wealth and saving and indicates that the stock of financial literacy early in life is a valid instrument in the regression of wealth on financial literacy. Using microeconomic and aggregate data, we find strong support for the model’s predictions.     

A Divisia type saving aggregate for India

Indian financial sector reforms initiated in 1991–92 have significantly affected user costs of assets and have resulted in significant substitution among them. Thus there is a need to develop a measure of savings that reflects household choice over assets more accurately than the simple sum. An advantage of monetary aggregates that are based on microtheoretic foundations, for example, the Divisia index, is that no a priori assumptions about asset substitutability need be imposed. We construct Divisia subaggregates of the financial assets component of Indian household savings and an overall aggregate of financial savings and demonstrate their superiority to the simple sum constructs.     

Changes in risk and the demand for saving

How does risk affect saving? Empirical work typically examines the effects of detectible differences in risk within the data. How these differences affect saving in theoretical models depends on the metric one uses for risk. For labor-income risk, second-degree increases in risk require prudence to induce increased saving demand. However, prudence is not necessary for first-degree risk increases and not sufficient for higher-degree risk increases. For increases in interest-rate risk, a precautionary effect and a substitution effect need to be compared. This paper provides necessary and sufficient conditions on preferences for an Nth-degree change in risk to increase saving.     

万晖洁具：小处着手，做好节水大文章

漳州万晖洁具有限公司（简称：万晖洁具）是一家专业制造高档卫生洁具的大型企业．在国际市场及国内市场享有广泛的知名度和较大市场占有率。作为生产制造型企业．万晖洁具不仅从生产源头上改良生产技术．节约能源和成本．还从消费者的角度出发,从材料到工艺上实现突破．研发出了比国际标准更节水的卫生洁具,因而荣登2012“十大绿色创新企业”之榜。     

对邮政储蓄业务发展的几点思考

本就当前邮政储蓄业务发展存在的问题提出建设性的意见和建议，对进一步规范邮政储蓄机构的揽储行为和加强金融监管工作有较好的参考价值。     

Comparative precautionary saving under higher-order risk and recursive utility

Measuring and comparing the precautionary saving motive rest almost exclusively on the expected utility framework, and only focus on income risk or coefficients of the Arrow–Pratt type. We generalize the standard approach by characterizing comparative precautionary saving under recursive utility for increases in income risk and increases in risk on the saving return, including higher-order risk effects. We express the comparisons in terms of precautionary premia. In addition, we define a new class of preference coefficients, and derive the associated conditions to predict a stronger precautionary motive. The coefficients provide a detailed picture of the preferences sustaining precautionary saving and could be useful in applications.     

多渠道支持节能环保产业发展

作为致力于环境保护、清洁能源、节能服务与资源循环利用投资与运营的央企一把手,全国政协委员、中国节能环保集团公司董事长王小康在“两会”期间接受《国际融资》杂志记者采访时强调指出：一定不要低估我们现在环境污染的严重性和未来治理污染的艰巨性。中国未来治理环境靠什么？靠政策,靠技术,靠资金。     

Borrowing constraints,the cost of precautionary saving and unemployment insurance

When it is costly for individuals to save or to borrow, unemployment insurance (UI) provides an alternative source of liquidity that smooths consumption over time and leads individuals to spend longer unemployed searching for a suitable job. We show in a tractable life-cycle model how the optimal unemployment replacement ratio and the fall in consumption on job loss depend on the cost of self-insurance and the cost of borrowing. This implies that the value of UI depends on age at job loss, consumption needs (such as the presence of children), discount rates, the return on saving, access to credit and the presence of other social insurance programmes. Optimal replacement rates vary substantially with plausible variation in these factors (from less than 20 percent to almost 60 percent).