创新与收入不平等

文章运用1995-2014年中国省际面板数据,从部门内和部门间两个视角,考察总体创新和产业创新水平对收入不平等的影响。实证结果表明不同类型的创新活动对收入不平等产生了不同影响：对于城镇居民收入不平等,总体创新水平和高新技术创新水平具有显著的扩大作用,创新带来了不同收入阶层内部的分化;对于农村居民收入不平等,农业创新水平具有显著的缩小作用,显示出农业创新对农民增收的积极作用;对于城乡收入差距,总体创新水平和农业创新水平具有缩小作用,而高新技术产业创新水平具有显著扩大作用。不仅如此,由于城乡收入差距存在显著的正向空间自相关,总体创新和高新技术产业创新对相邻地区城乡收入差距有显著的扩大作用。     

人口老龄化对城乡收入不平等的影响效应研究——基于中国二元经济结构演变的视角

理论分析表明,二元经济结构下人口老龄化能够通过要素禀赋结构调整和社会福利改善对城乡居民收入产生不同的收入效应和替代效应,进而影响城乡收入不平等。利用中国2000-2014年省际面板数据进行实证检验发现：中国人口老龄化显著的扩大了城乡收入不平等,但要素禀赋结构和社会福利水平对老龄化条件下的城乡收入不平等影响效应不同;随着对老年人口供养负担的加重,社会福利支出对老龄化条件下的城乡收入不平等主要表现为替代效应,城市偏向的社会福利支出使得农村因照料老人引起的劳动力供给减少扩大了城乡收入不平等;而要素禀赋结构的转变则使得老龄化主要表现为收入效应,劳动力相对资本的稀缺性导致转移劳动力工资上涨,从而缩小了城乡收入不平等;随着老龄化深化,通过社会福利改善和要素禀赋结构调整能够有效抵消老龄化对城乡收入不平等的负面影响;研究也证实了二元经济结构的优化和农业规模化经营对城乡收入不平等的缩小作用,而失业率上升和城乡投资差距却会加剧城乡收入不平等。     

中国农村收入不平等—基于微观调查数据的回归分解

论文利用2003-2008年CGSS的微观个体调查数据,运用回归分解方法对中国农村收入不平等进行分解。首先对收入不平等进行测算,研究发现农村收入极端不平等,并且呈上升趋势。回归分解结果表明,年龄、教育、性别、东部地区虚拟变量、政治地位、婚姻、健康和幸福感是对农村收入不平等的决定要素。其中教育、年龄、性别、东部地区虚拟变量和健康对农村收入不平等的贡献显著。其余变量对农村收入不平等的贡献相对较小,但其对农村收入不平等的影响也不能被忽视。研究结论对政府制定科学合理的收入分配政策和有效调控收入差距具有借鉴作用。     

不平等对经济增长影响的经验分析

本文在利用跨国数据进行经验分析的基础上 ,研究不平等对经济增长的影响。收入不平等主要对经济增长起正面作用 ,这种作用在短期内的表现最为明显 ;财富不平等主要对经济增长起负面作用 ,人力资本作为财富的一种形式 ,其不平等对经济增长也起负面作用 ;收入不平等本身对经济增长起正面作用 ,但是随着时间的推移 ,其正面作用会越来越小 ,甚至转化为较弱的负面作用 ,而这种转化可能是由于收入不平等逐渐转化为财富不平等造成的。本文还提出了若干减弱这种负面影响的政策建议及有待进一步研究的问题     

异质性、经济增长与收入不平等

本文构建了一个劳动供给可变的内生增长模型，在不同消费者之问引入资本拥有量和劳动技能的双重异质性，并导出将这两种异质性与收入不平等联系起来的公式。分析表明，它们对收入不平等的作用方向是相反的；只有在以资本与技能异质性的相对量为条件时，才能得到确定的增长．不平等关系。男外，拓展的模型则考虑了劳动市场不完全性对增长和收入不均等的影响。     

去工业化对收入不平等的影响:机制分析与实证检验

基于126个国家1991-2017年的面板数据,考察了去工业化对收入不平等的影响。研究发现,去工业化会显著加剧收入不平等程度,这在发展中经济体尤为显著。从传导机制看,去工业化既可以通过劳动力就业转移直接影响收入不平等,也可通过非熟练劳动力就业和服务业部门就业分化间接影响收入不平等。一方面,去工业化导致非熟练劳动力受到更大冲击,致使该部分劳动力失业,加剧收入不平等;另一方面,去工业化导致非熟练劳动力的就业从工业的高薪部门转移至服务业的低薪部门,最终影响收入不平等。进一步研究发现,在可能存在"过早去工业化"的国家去工业化对收入不平等的作用更加明显。因此发展中经济体要着重预防由于去工业化可能带来的收入不平等程度恶化。     

人民币实际汇率对收入不平等的非对称影响研究:基于NARDL模型的实证检验

文章通过将汇率区分为汇率水平和汇率波动两个不同的维度,同时考察两者对收入不平等的影响。在此基础上,文章又进一步将汇率水平变量分解成正向变动的累积和与负向变动的累积和两个部分,并基于非对称性视角构建NARDL模型,考察汇率水平变动对收入不平等的非对称影响。实证结果表明:人民币短期升值有利于改善收入不平等,贬值的影响不显著;长期来看,人民币升值或贬值都会恶化收入不平等,相较而言贬值的影响程度极为有限。人民币实际汇率短期的小幅波动能够改善收入不平等,但长期内汇率波动的幅度过大将会恶化收入不平等。从这个意义上来讲,维持人民币汇率在合理均衡水平上的基本稳定,保持人民币汇率一定程度的灵活和弹性,允许汇率短期内的合理波动,将有利于改善收入不平等。     

收入不平等与经济增长——基于中国省际面板数据的实证分析

本文对收入不平等与经济增长关系的政治-经济理论模型作了大幅度的改进,并通过数理模型的推导提出了初始收入不平等与后续的经济增长存在着不确定关系的假说.在此基础上,文章分别使用中国21个省区的横截面数据和面板数据,对收入分配不平等进行了结构分解,测度了农村不平等、城市不平等以及城乡之间不平等对经济增长的具体影响.本文的研究发现,农村不平等在解释人均产出增长时比城市不平等发挥了更重要的作用.本文研究的主要结论有:第一,农村不平等程度越高,对经济增长的抑制作用越大,二者之间存在着明显的负相关关系;第二,城市不平等对经济增长没有显著的影响;第三,城乡之间不平等与经济增长之间存在着显著的负相关关系.此外,城乡部门之间的不平等在解释城乡两部门的经济增长时也起到了重要的作用,因此,区域公平和城乡统筹方法必须有新的突破.     

垂直专业化、贸易增长和收入分配不平等

文章从国际垂直分工引起贸易增长的视角研究中国收入分配不平等问题。文章认为,垂直专业化使得贸易扩张和收入在不同部门之间的分配产生差异,最后导致收入不平等的扩大。     

收入不平等对浙江农户家庭消费的影响

收入不平等对家庭消费的影响源于家庭对社会地位的追求。文章利用2008～2016年浙江省农村固定观察点数据,实证研究了收入不平等对农户家庭消费的影响。在控制农户家庭纯收入等因素后,收入不平等与农户家庭消费呈显著负相关。在此期间,浙江农户家庭基尼系数平均下降了0.071个点,农户家庭消费上升约4.5%。另外,收入不平等对中低收入农户家庭消费的影响明显强于高收入家庭,对不同年龄农户家庭消费的影响并无显著差异。稳健性检验的结果表明以上结论是可靠的。     

The impacts of environmental pollution and brain drain on income inequality

This paper establishes a two-sector general equilibrium model of a small open economy to examine the impact of environmental pollution on income inequality via brain drain. The results of the equilibrium modelling show that environmental pollution in the source country can widen the income gap between skilled and unskilled workers and that brain drain caused by environmental pollution will amplify this effect; furthermore, improving the environmental quality in the recipient country will widen the skilled-unskilled income gap in the source country. Our empirical results show that deteriorating the environmental quality in the source country increases income inequality and that brain drain caused by environmental quality will amplify the effect. Our sample is divided into four sub-samples: stage of national development, level of national income, status of environmental pollution and situation of brain drain. We find that environmental pollution has different effects on income inequality via brain drain in these sub-samples. Comparing the heterogeneous components of environmental quality, we find that brain drain caused by diminished ecosystem vitality and by air quality affecting human health will widen income inequality but that other factors related to environmental quality have no significant impacts on the effect of brain drain on income inequality. The results of a robustness test support these conclusions.     

人力资本投资与收入不平等——教育质量不平等的影响

本文在人力资本理论和社会分层理论的基础上,建立个体从最大化个人效用出发,考虑地域间房屋租金和子女教育质量的差异,选择居住地的OGM模型。首先分析社会分层持续的条件和原因,进而分析教育质量的不平等对收入不平等的影响,最后,对中国教育质量的不平等进行统计性描述,并估计了区域性教育质量不平等对收入不平等的影响,发现教育质量差异对收入差异影响显著,而教育年限差异的影响对非东部地区的收入差异是不显著的,而对东部地区是显著的．     

Effects of Patent Policy on Income and Consumption Inequality in a R&D Growth Model

To analyze the effects of patent policy on growth and inequality, this article develops a quality‐ladder model with wealth heterogeneity and elastic labor supply. The model predicts that strengthening patent protection increases (a) economic growth by stimulating spending on research and development and (b) income inequality by raising the return on assets. Elastic labor supply creates an additional effect on income inequality. As for consumption inequality, the effect is ambiguous and depends on the elasticity of intertemporal substitution. Calibrating the model to the U.S. data shows that strengthening patent protection increases income inequality by more than consumption inequality, and this pattern is consistent with the data.     

Inward and outward FDI and income inequality: evidence from Europe

This paper examines the effects of inward and outward FDI on income inequality in Europe using panel cointegration techniques and unbalanced panel regressions. Our main result is that both inward FDI and outward FDI have, on average, a negative long-run effect on income inequality. This result is robust to employing alternative estimation methods, controlling for potential outliers, using different measures of FDI and inequality, and changing the period and sample selection. Other findings are: (i) while the long-run effect of inward and outward FDI on income inequality is clearly negative, their short-run effect appears to be positive. (ii) Long-run causality runs in both directions, suggesting that an increase in inward and outward FDI reduces income inequality in the long run, and that, in turn, a reduction in inequality leads to an increase in inward and outward FDI. (iii) There are large cross-country differences in the long-run effects of inward and outward FDI on income inequality; for some countries the long-run effects on income inequality are positive.     

Why is inequality higher among the old? Evidence from China

This paper studies income inequality in old age and its development over the life cycle. We show that income is more unequally distributed in old age than in working age. We combine the regression-based inequality decomposition method and the three-step mediating effect test to analyze the transmission of income inequality from initial socioeconomic differences to income inequality in old age. Our study is based on a panel of over 4000 old households from the China Health and Nutrition Survey during 1991–2015. We find that the urban-rural gap and educational inequality are the primary causes of old-age income inequality. The effect of the urban-rural gap is partially mediated by educational inequality. Inequality accumulates with age and is reinforced in old age by the fragmented Chinese public pension system.     

The dynamic effect of rural-to-urban migration on inequality in source villages: System GMM estimates from rural China

Using a newly constructed panel dataset that covers the 14-year period from 1997 to 2011 for more than 100 villages in China, this study analyzes the dynamic effect of rural-to-urban migration on inequality in source villages. Given that income inequality is time persisting, we use a system GMM framework. We found that the dynamic relationship between migration and income inequality is inversely U-shaped. Specifically, contemporary migration increases income inequality, whereas lagged migration has a strong income inequality-reducing effect on the sending villages. A 50 percent increase in the lagged migration rate translates into a one-ninth to one-tenth standard deviation reduction in income inequality.     

Income inequality and access to housing: Evidence from China

Economic theory suggests that income inequality predicts housing price and housing affordability for low-income households. Employing Chinese urban household survey data, this paper examines empirically the relationship between income inequality and access to housing for urban low-income households. The empirical results demonstrate that higher income inequality within cities is significantly related to a higher housing cost burden, a smaller per capita living space, and lower housing quality for low-income households. Further studies demonstrate that the negative impacts of income inequality could be moderated by product differentiation in housing markets, as a higher degree of differentiation in the size of housing units corresponds to a smaller effect of income inequality on housing affordability.     

The income distribution effects of environmental regulation in China: The case of binding SO2 reduction targets

Faced with serious environmental pollution, strengthening the enforcement of environmental regulations has become a priority for governments, especially with sustainable development as a main goal. However, there is not enough empirical evidence about the income distribution effect of environmental regulations. This paper analyzes binding emissions target as a policy shock of environmental regulation to empirically understand its impact on wage growth and inequality based on household and firm level data from 2002 to 2007 in China. The results show that in more pollution-intensive cities, stricter environmental regulation inhibited wage growth, furthermore widening the income gap between skilled and un-skilled labor. These results were further proofed after taking ventilation coefficients as the instrument variable. Heterogeneous tests show that this negative impact is more serious for un-skilled labor in high-polluting industries and also more significant for those located in the central and eastern parts of China.