WTO下构建我国环境标志法律制度之分析

环境标志制度已经成为国际贸易中越来越重要的一项制度,环境标志通过利用公众对环保产品的选择,逆向引导企业参与环保,具有良好的环保效果。我国已建立了环境标志制度,但有待完善。我国应结合WTO规则,提高国民的环保意识;建立环境标志体系,完善环境标志制度;积极参加CTE关于环境标志问题的讨论,维护发展中国家和我国的贸易利益,使我国的环境标志制度与国际市场全面接轨。     

论国际贸易绿色化趋势与促进环保型FDI的发展

随着我国经济日益融入世界经济,我国的经济"绿色化"进程进一步加快。国际贸易的绿色化趋势对我国外商直接投资(简称FDI)企业提出了更高的环保要求。我国在引进外商直接投资项目上要适应这种趋势,采取有效措施促进环保型FDI的发展。     

加快环境成本内部化,积极应对反生态倾销

战略性环境政策论者认为,如果一国试图实现社会福利的最大化,就会使边际减污成本小于污染的边际损害,在不完全竞争的世界中,一国会在战略上扭曲其环境政策,以支持其产业在国际市场上的竞争,从而论证了生态倾销的可能性。本文基于对生态倾销及反生态倾销的理解,针对我国传统贸易模式中生态倾销的现状进行分析,提出我国应加快环境成本内部化,积极宣传环保理念,利用反生态倾销的机会调整我国出口结构,采取妥善措施,达到环境保护和自由贸易的平衡,积极应对新一轮贸易挑战。     

国际视野下的环境立法进程

对国际环境法的机构变迁和法制进程进行了比较分析。同时,对我国在国际海洋环境保护和污染防治、臭氧层保护、气候不利变化防止、生物多样性保护,防止危险废物越境转移、防止国际河流污染和污染方面的国际地位进行了系统研究。截至2009年底,我国已经加入了51个国际环境公约,因此,加强对国际环境法的比较研究,努力建立和完善新的国际环境法学,对于今后促进环境保护领域的国际合作与交流意义深远。     

中央环保督察与企业过度金融化： 资本逐利抑或环境治理

中央环保督察是近年来我国环保领域采取的重要改革措施,不仅有利于提高环境治理效力,而且也会对微观企业的资源配置决策产生影响。基于2012—2020年我国沪深A股上市工业企业数据,采用多期双重差分法实证检验中央环保督察对企业过度金融化的影响。研究发现,中央环保督察对企业过度金融化具有抑制作用。影响机制检验发现,中央环保督察通过提高企业绿色投资进而会抑制企业过度金融化。异质性分析表明,中央环保督察对企业过度金融化的抑制作用在融资约束程度高、高管无公职经历的企业以及处在公众环境关注度较高地区的企业更强。经济后果检验表明,中央环保督察通过抑制企业过度金融化提升了企业绩效。研究结论探析了宏观环境政策对微观企业资源配置决策的影响及作用机理,对实现环境治理和经济发展的双赢具有一定的现实意义。     

Group-lending: Sequential financing,lender monitoring and joint liability

We develop a simple model of group-lending based on peer monitoring and moral hazard. We find that, in the absence of sequential financing or lender monitoring, group-lending schemes may involve under-monitoring with the borrowers investing in undesirable projects. Moreover, under certain parameter configurations, group-lending schemes involving either sequential financing, or a combination of lender monitoring and joint liability are feasible. In fact, group-lending schemes with sequential financing may succeed even in the absence of joint liability, though the repayment rate will be lower. In the absence of joint liability, however, group-lending with lender monitoring is unlikely to be feasible.     

Incremental Cost in the Convention on Biological Diversity

The Convention on Biological Diversity stipulates the principle of incremental cost for the international financing of biodiversity conservation. The international debate about the exact meaning of the concept and about its practical application focuses on the issues of baseline determination and treatment of incremental domestic benefits. This paper uses some standard tools of partial equilibrium demand analysis to illustrate theoretical solutions to the indeterminacy of the Convention. The allocation of resources resulting from an incremental cost scheme is compared with a 'domestic optimum', and with a hypothetical 'global optimum'. Regarding the behaviour of the country hosting biodiversity, a distinction is proposed between 'quantity-' and 'transfer-' taking behaviour. The issue of price distortions in the baseline is also addressed. It is shown that both the host country (H) and the Rest of the World (ROW) will have incentives for agreeing on a transfer of resources that entails only partial deduction of domestic incremental benefits. This transfer, despite failing to reach the utilitarian global optimum, still represents a Pareto improvement over the pre-convention status quo. By imposing a particular multiplicative functional form on the utility of both host and ROW, additional results can be obtained. In particular, the optimal transfer implies a clawback factor decreasing with relative income differentials, and incremental cost financing dominates the domestic optimum even when price distortions are present in the host country. If removal of price distortions is a precondition for incremental cost funding, the analysis illustrates the magnitude of incentives necessary for the host to give up the distorted baseline.     

The Borrower of Last Resort: International Adjustment and Liquidity in a Historical Perspective

The stability of the international monetary system hinges on a dominant country acting as an international lender of last resort, injecting liquidity by recycling surpluses to countries facing balance of payments problems. The efficacy of this mechanism does not depend on the dominant country retaining a “creditor” status. Rather it has depended historically, on the dominant country’s ability to continue to borrow, in the face of growing external deficits without undermining the status of its currency as international money. A pivotal role is played by the institutional mechanisms that allow the dominant country to borrow from surplus countries on one hand and lead to increasing fragility in peripheral debtor countries on the other. The paper argues that such triangular adjustment patterns underlay both the gold standard period where Britain was a net creditor and the present “floating dollar regime” where the United States is a net debtor.     

The supply- and demand-side impacts of credit market information

We utilize a unique pair of experiments to isolate the ways in which reductions in asymmetric information alter credit market outcomes. A Guatemalan microfinance lender gradually started using a credit bureau across its branches without letting borrowers know about it. One year later, we ran a large randomized credit information course that described the existence and workings of the bureau to the clients of this lender. This pairing of natural and randomized experiments allows us to separately identify how new information enters on the supply and the demand sides of the market. Our results indicate that the credit bureau generated large efficiency gains for the lender, and that these gains were augmented when borrowers understood the rules of the game. The credit bureau rewarded good borrowers but penalized weaker ones, increasing economic differentiation.     

欧盟环保“双绿指令”及其启示

随着世界经济的快速发展,人类面临前所未有的环保压力,因此环境保护成为世界各国所关注的重要问题.在国际贸易中,各国对进口商品实施高标准的环保要求已成为大势所趋.欧盟的"双绿指令"正是在此背景下诞生和实施的,是欧盟环境保护理念和贸易保护主义相结合的产物.本文介绍了欧盟"双绿指令"的主要内容,并对其作出评析,重点提出了对我国环境立法的启示.     

国际环境争端中的环境保护非政府间国际组织

随着环境问题的全球化和国际环境争端的日益频繁,环境保护非政府间组织(ENGOs)与国际环境争端解决机制的关系越来越密切,本文主要分析了目前环境保护非政府间国际组织在国际环境争端中的身份界定、作用及发展趋势三个方面的问题。     

长三角区域一体化背景下的环保投融资创新机制研究

在对长三角地区生态环境保护投资规模、结构、地区分布、不同主体投资情况进行分析的基础上,识别当前存在的问题,包括投资总量不足、投融资渠道及规模拓展空间有限、投资效率亟待提升等。从加大财政资金保护力度、推行政府和社会资本合作模式、拓宽生态环境项目投资回报机制、创新绿色金融制度等方面提出建议,以期构建适应长三角区域一体化生态环境共保联治格局要求的环保投融资创新机制。     

国际环境法的发展研究

国际环境法经过多年的发展,经历了萌芽期、初现雏形期,直到现在仍保持着良好的发展势头。在国际环境法的发展中,各国出现了很多矛盾与分歧。尽管国际环境法的发展道路是充满矛盾与斗争的道路,但势必会在全人类的共同努力下逐步完善,促进国际环境保护事业的发展。     

Measuring transnational leakage of forest conservation

Forest conservation in one country can influence the degree of conservation or deforestation in other countries because of international linkages of the forest products industry and markets and a lack of global coordination. Thus leakage and offsetting losses of environmental quality may be present. This paper develops an analytical framework for measuring this leakage and estimates its magnitude via general equilibrium modeling. We find that the magnitude of leakage depends upon the price elasticities of supply of and demand for forestry products across the countries and degree of cooperation in forest conservation. We estimate that a significant portion (42%-95%) of the reduced forestry production implemented in a country/region can be transferred to elsewhere, offsetting environmental gains. Leakage generally diminishes as more countries cooperate, but cooperation among only a few countries does not always dramatically reduce leakage. Thus forest conservation efforts and associated environmental quantity gains in a country or group of countries can be seriously undermined in terms of global net conservation gain in the absence of effective global cooperation. Our results also point to the importance of taking leakage into account in evaluating local or regional forest carbon sequestration projects.     

长沙环境保护公众参与现状调查研究

我国环境问题日益突出,已成为制约我国可持续发展的重要因素。国家明确把加大环境保护力度作为"十二五"规划纲要的重要内容,而环境保护工作的顺利开展,离不开公众参与。通过长沙市环境保护公众参与情况的问卷调查,了解环境保护公众参与的现状,对存在的问题深入剖析,进一步提出改进措施,以期为提高长沙环境保护公众参与水平及其他省市乃至国家"两型社会"的建设提供借鉴。     

我国国际融资面临的问题及对策

本文通过分析我国在国际融资中出现的若干问题,提出了优化融资结构、防范筹资风险、提高融资效益等建议,更好地发挥国际融资的作用。     

对国际贸易中生态倾销的理论分析

随着经济全球化的发展,国际贸易与环境保护之间的复杂关系日益成为人们关注的焦点。究竟是自由贸易主导国际贸易,还是国际贸易让位于环境保护,成为理论研究的热点课题。本文探讨了理论界对国际贸易中生态倾销的界定以及对生态倾销特点的认识,同时着重分析和研究了发达国家和发展中国家实行生态倾销的理论依据,意在为我国经济和贸易的可持续发展提供一定的理论参考。     

我国对外贸易环境效应的实证研究

贸易与环境的关系问题是当今国际经济学界的一个重要问题。本文选取1996～2005年我国各省贸易以及环境的相关数据,利用面板数据模型对我国对外贸易的环境效应进行了实证研究,认为规模效应超过了技术效应导致我国污染水平上升.并在此基础上提出了绿色技术创新的建议。     

Spillovers from Foreign Exporters

We develop a general equilibrium model of international trade with heterogeneous firms that accounts for productivity spillovers transmitted by foreign exporters. Everything else equal, stronger spillovers increase welfare. We embed the model framework into a trade policy scenario where countries strategically set inter‐country variable trade costs for the trading partner. In the strategic Nash‐equilibrium policy, governments trade‐off welfare gains from protectionism and those that are due to spillovers from foreign exporters. The equilibrium degree of protectionism is decreasing in the strength of the spillover. Policy coordination induces welfare gains but these gains can be hump‐shaped in the spillover strength.     

由清洁发展机制引发的对环境产业的冷思考

环境问题受到世界各国关注,清洁发展机制的产生,碳交易的出现以及碳市场的蓬勃发展,是国际社会在环境问题解决上共同探索出来的一种模式,成为环境问题解决途径的一大突破。文章从经济学角度探究环境产业化的原因,分析其合理性,并结合环境产业发展的趋势为我国今后如何大力发展该产业提供一定的参考。