Implications of Chinese Farmers in the Russian Far East

Chinese farmers are actively engaged in the economy of the Russian Far East. We used an econometric model to analyze panel data on the socioeconomic impact on local residents of Chinese farmers and workers in the Russian Far East (RFE). Proximity to Chinese farms and sales to Chinese retailers increases the well-being, the farm income, and the food costs of Russian rural households. The same factors raise land prices through increased competition, reduce the wages of Russian workers and the number of family members working on Russian farms, increase the number of full-time jobs for farm workers, lower yields of corn and wheat, and raise yields of potatoes and rice. Thus, the effects of the Chinese presence on rural Russian households varies with the makeup of the household, the amount of land it owns and leases, and the number of household members who work on other farms. Cooperation with Chinese farmers and retailers plays an important role in determining the ability of the rural areas of the RFE to develop sustainably.     

Agricultural Subsidies and Farm Consolidation

Although agricultural subsidies were begun during the New Deal to provide enough income to enable farmers to continue operating, their net effect has been to raise the price of farmland and to squeeze many owner‐operated farms out of existence, leaving mostly large‐scale operations that are often tied to agribusiness. Numerous efforts have been made, with limited success, to mitigate this problem by limiting the subsidy to small or mid‐size farm operations. The 2014 farm bill, adopted by the U.S. Congress, made the situation worse. Rather than imposing stricter limits on subsidies to the largest farms, the legislation removed existing limits, ended direct payments, and increased subsidies for insurance against crop losses and income risk. The new law not only provides a windfall to owners of very large farms, it also encourages plowing of fragile soils, since the risks of crop failure are now borne primarily by taxpayers. The article concludes by offering recommendations about how to correct these problems     

对社会主义新农村建设的思考

我国是一个农业大国,13亿人口中有8亿生活在农村,研究和思考中国的一切重大问题,都必须从这一实际情况出发,否则就不能真正解决中国的问题。改革开放以来,我国的经济获得了前所未有的发展动力,沿海各大城市为农民提供了就业的机会,农民的收入迅速得到提高,通过几年或者十几年的打工赚钱,打工农民都有能力回家建房,部分农民有了回家办小型或者中型企业经济实力。文章从社会主义新农村建设内涵,农民打工情况调查,农村发展的现状出发,来思考社会主义新农村建设。     

浅论集体经济的丧失与农民上访的内在关系

农民上访问题和集体经济的缺失之间有着内在关系。集体经济缺失造成基层政府化解农村社会矛盾的能力丧失,农民的各种诉求在基层不能有效满足,农村各种社会矛盾不能有效化解,乡村传统政治权威失去了应有的作用,农民只好把解决问题的希望寄托给县级以上权力机关。解决农民大量上访问题的关键是在新的时代条件下重构集体经济,使得农村社会矛盾能够在基层能够有效化解。     

The Center for Rural Affairs: The First 20 Years

The history of the Center for Rural Affairs, a nonprofit advocacy organization in Nebraska, is recounted by two of its founders. The Center began with roots in the anti‐poverty movement in the 1970s. In subsequent years, the Center served as an activist research center that was devoted to serving the interests of the public and small farmers. For example, a Center study showed that center‐pivot irrigation was an initial step toward heavy capitalization of agriculture, a process that increased the debt of farmers and eventually drove many of them into bankruptcy. In other studies, the Center examined specific policies that were indirectly depopulating rural areas by turning farming into an industry. Joining with other groups, the Center fought to keep Nebraska as free as possible from corporate farming. In contrast to organizations that are located in urban areas and analyze rural problems from a distance, the Center is located in a small town in Nebraska, so the staff are personally aware of rural conditions. In addition to describing the research and activism of the Center, this account also provides information about the early obstacles an advocacy group must overcome in terms of funding, building a strong board, and other factors.     

增加农民收入进而扩大农村消费需求——基于咸阳农村的调查

近几年,国家非常重视通过国内需求的扩大来刺激经济的增长这个问题,我国农业人口众多,农村消费市场潜力巨大,如果农村消费需求能够有效扩大,那么将会促进经济快速发展。影响农村消费需求的因素很多,我们通过对咸阳农村的调研,认为收入是最重要的因素,只有增加农民收入才是有效扩大农村需求的根本。     

南昌市家庭农场的影响因素分析及农民类型的划分

2013年中央一号文件提出,鼓励和支持承包土地向专业大户、家庭农场、农民合作社流转。其中,“家庭农场”的概念首次在中央一号文件中出现。透过中央一号文件对“家庭农场”的鼓励和支持态度,我们追寻到了一条关于农业农村改革发展的新路径。文中以江西省南昌市所属四县（南昌县、新建县、进贤县、安义县）农民为研究对象,选取农业补贴、知识技能水平等13个指标分析了各因素对家庭农场规模发展的影响程度,并由此对四县农民进行类型划分及倾向性分析,旨在为政府及广大人民群众提供一定的政策建议。     

论“三农”问题的重要性及其“三农”图书出版的重大作用

中国是一个农业大国,现有九亿多农民,农业、农村、农民问题是中国的根本问题,关系到国家的稳定、社会的长治久安和全面建成小康社会的实现。党的十一届三中全会以后,特别是1982年以来,中共中央国务院连续下发关于"三农"问题的一号文件,一直十分重视"三农"问题。出版"三农"图书作为服务"三农"的重要手段,承担着提高农民文化素养、引导农民致富、促进农业发展等重大责任。     

以提高农民收入水平为抓手建设和谐美丽新云南

农民收入问题事关国民经济协调发展和社会和谐稳定。本文在分析云南农民收入水平低、城乡收入差距大、地区不平衡突出、贫困人口多,从而制约着云南科学发展、和谐发展与跨越发展基础上,提出建设和谐美丽新云南应以提高农民收入水平为抓手,发挥云南比较优势、统筹城乡协调发展、依靠科技进步和增强农民增收本领等举措促进农民增收和保持农民收入持续较快增长。     

新形势下小城镇发展的思路与对策——以邛崃市夹关镇为例

加快小城镇件事是统筹城乡发展和建设社会主义新农村的重要途径,建设好小城镇对于启动农村内需、增加农民收入、转移农村劳动力等方面都有积极意义。     

北京市农民科技素质及影响因素的实证研究

本文对北京农民的科技素质、素质教育、教育投资需求等进行调查和实证分析后表明：北京农民科技基础知识和科技意识较高,但驾驭市场和持续增收能力较弱;城市近郊基础教育好于远郊;农民对职业教育认可程度不高,虽接受技能培训机会多,但囿于空闲时间和费用限制;北京农村教育收益率高于全国及世界上发展中国家。在以上研究基础上,文章提出了北京应继续加大农村基础教育投资,巩固农村基础教育核心地位,大力发展农村职业教育、科技培训和推广工作,以完善教育体制和促进公共投资结构合理化的对策建议。     

加强农村防雷迫在眉睫

改革开放以来,农村的楼房越建越多,但防雷安全措施却十分落后,遇雷雨天气完全处于危险状态。农村雷击事件不断增多,对农民的日常生活构成了极大威胁。文章通过分析桂林市雷灾形成的客观和主观因素,提出减少农村雷电灾害的一些措施。     

Effective investment strategies on mathematics performance in rural areas

Taiwan has noticed relative disadvantages in rural areas and offered more scholarship opportunities for aboriginal and low-income students. Moreover, the Educational Priority Area program was implemented in 1996 to invest additional funds in rural schools. Although the average mathematics ability of Taiwanese students ranks high in the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), the cost-benefit outcome of government funding in rural areas is inadequate. This paper, therefore, tries to explain low student achievement in rural areas with the multilevel modeling (HLM). Data were gathered from 5,581 Taiwanese students in 236 junior high schools using stratified random sampling. Of the data, 2,358 students from 112 rural area schools and 3,223 students from 124 non-rural area schools were sampled. The results demonstrate the importance of distinguishing between resources and investments, and shifts focus from comparisons of the influence of families and schools preexisting conditions to discussions of improvement strategies on mathematics performance. Both families and schools are limited by their resources, but the findings presented in this study suggest that families and schools can improve student achievement with appropriate investments.     

小额贷款公司研究综述

小额贷款公司是一种新兴的金融组织形式,是一种重要的金融创新。随着我国金融市场的发展,小额贷款公司逐渐成为农村金融体系的重要补充,成为"三农"和中小企业信贷融资的重要渠道。文章对目前研究比较关注的小额贷款公司如何进行监管,可持续发展以及小额贷款公司面临的风险等问题进行了梳理和总结。     

基于城乡统筹视角的重庆市农民新村建设问题及对策研究

研究目的:贯彻落实重庆市委三九会议关于建成2500个农民新村的决议,科学合理有序推进新农村建设,促进城乡统筹发展,缩小三个差距。研究方法:理论研究法、资料分析法。研究结果:重庆市农村目前贫困人口、贫困村仍较多,城乡差距较大,有必要通过城乡统筹的农民新村建设缩小城乡差距,促进城乡统筹发展;重庆市农村居民点布局较零散、规模小、基础设施差、集约利用程度不高,在新村建设中应探寻有效解决这些问题的方法;重庆在农民新村建设上已有大量实践探索并取得了很好的成效,后续农民新村建设应积极吸取以前新村建设的良好经验;重庆农民新村建设还面临新村选址、资金保障、农民入住、农民退地等方面的问题。研究结论:为有效解决重庆市农民新村建设面临的各种问题,切实推进农民新村建设,可以开展新农村选址适宜性评价、构建以"地票"交易资金为主体的多渠道融资平台、加大农民新村建设及退地宣传力度,建立完善促进农民入住新村相关办法及退出原有宅基地补偿机制、在新村建设之前与农民签订新村入住协议及退出宅基地复垦协议。     

农村专业大户电子商务技术采纳意愿影响因素研究

大力发展电子商务技术是更好解决“三农”问题,全面推进乡村振兴,促进农村产业兴旺,巩固脱贫攻坚成果的重要环节和抓手。本文以江西省240个农村专业大户为研究样本,运用结构方程模型对影响农村专业大户电子商务采纳行为的主要因素进行实证研究。结果表明:感知的有用性、感知的易用性、自我效能、网络外部性会对农村专业大户采纳电子商务技术产生影响,且均具有显著的正向作用。因此,必须从电子商务平台技术、农户自身认知和农村电子商务使用环境等方面加以引导,提供政策、资金、人才等方面的支持,以此来促进电子商务技术在农村地区的发展,推进乡村振兴战略的实施。     

现阶段我国农村城市化的负面效应及对策分析

随着改革开放政策的实施而加速推进的农村城市化已经实行了二十多年,人们看到较多的是它对农村发展所起的积极作用,但是我们也不应该无视其带来的负面影响.在政策或措施不当的情况下,负面影响表现得尤为明显.本文从农用耕地、农村环境质量、农产整体素质和小城镇无序建设四方面对此进行了简要的分析并提出对策建议.     

某市农村信用社业务的弹性分析

近年来,农村信用社作为服务"三农"的金融机构有了前所未有的突飞猛进。但和商业银行还有一定的差距。本文以案例的形式分析某市农村信用社业务在农村和城市两个市场的弹性,并就此提出合理建议。     

建设沈家河水库灌区节水改造配套工程的必要性及规模

沈家河水库灌区节水改造配套工程建成后,将大大地改善农民生活条件,促进当地农村经济发展,减轻了农民负担,增加了农民收入,加快了农民群众脱贫致富的步伐。     

确权促进了宅基地流转吗?——基于温州农户的调查

本文基于对温州农户的调查,考察确权颁证如何影响宅基地流转。研究表明,确权能显著促进农户参与宅基地流转。异质性分析发现,确权能显著提升较年轻农户和居住在城郊农村农户的宅基地流转概率,但无法激励年龄较大农户和居住在非城郊农村的农户参与流转。机制分析表明,确权能够有效促进宅基地流转,一方面是因为确权强化了宅基地私有观念,提升了农户流转意愿;另一方面,是因为确权让农户更可能获得农房抵押贷款,拓宽了使用权流转渠道。本文的政策含义在于,对交易标的物进行产权界定能够起到激活农村宅基地流转市场的作用,但在落实这一政策时须考虑农户异质性带来的效果分化,并制定更有针对性的宅基地管理政策。