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Records of 793,794 employees eligible to participate in 647 defined contribution pension plans are studied. About 71% of them
choose to participate in the plans, and of the participants, 12% choose to contribute the maximum allowed, $10,500. The main
findings are (other things equal) (1) participation rates, contributions and (most remarkably) savings rates increase with
compensation; on average, a $10,000 increase in compensation is associated with a 3.7% higher participation probability and
$900 higher contribution; (2) women’s participation probability is 6.5% higher than men’s and they contribute almost $500
more than men; (3) participation probabilities are similar for employees covered and not covered by DB plans, but those covered
by DB plans contribute more to the DC plans; (4) the availability of a match by the employer increases employees’ participation
and contributions; the effect is strongest for low-income employees; (v) participation rates, especially among low-income
employees, are higher when company stock is an investable fund.
相似文献
Wei Jiang (Corresponding author)Email: |
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Hsuan-Chi Chen Keng-Yu Ho Yu-Jen Hsiao Cheng-Huan Wu 《Journal of Business Finance & Accounting》2010,37(1-2):171-205
Abstract: A firm's stock becomes publicly tradable through an initial public offering (IPO). This study suggests a portfolio diversification perspective to explore IPOs. We examine whether investors can gain diversification benefits by adding an IPO portfolio to a set of benchmark portfolios sorted by firm size and book-to-market ratio. Using US IPOs from 1980-2002, we find that adding a value-weighted IPO portfolio does lead to a statistically and economically significant enlargement of the investment opportunity set for investors relative to investing solely in a set of benchmark portfolios. Specifically, the Sharpe ratio of the tangency portfolio increases by 5.50% on average after including IPO stocks. Furthermore, IPOs associated with prestigious lead underwriters are the main source of this augmentation of the mean-variance investment opportunity set. Finally, our study implies that issuing IPO exchange traded funds or similar products can provide diversification gains to investors. 相似文献
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Taras Bodnar 《European Journal of Finance》2013,19(3):317-335
The efficient frontier is a parabola in the mean-variance space which is uniquely determined by three characteristics. Assuming that the portfolio asset returns are independent and multivariate normally distributed, we derive tests and confidence sets for all possible arrangements of these characteristics. Note that all of our results are based on the exact distributions for a finite sample size. Moreover, we determine a confidence region of the whole efficient frontier in the mean-variance space. It is shown that this set is bordered by five parabolas. 相似文献
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本文运用聚类分析与事件研究法对我国上市公司不同资产出售动机的市场反应进行研究。结果表明:以降低财务风险、改善财务状况、美化报表为动机的资产出售的市场反应是显著消极的;而以经营战略调整为动机的资产出售,在公告日及其之前存在微弱的财富效应。回归分析表明,资产出售规模、Tobin-Q、盈利能力等因素对资产出售的市场反应有显著影响,而投资者对上市公司主动披露的资产出售动机是不敏感的。 相似文献
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Bartley R. Danielsen Robert A. Van Ness Richard S. Warr 《Journal of Business Finance & Accounting》2009,36(9-10):1273-1293
Abstract: We examine how the introduction of single-stock futures impacts short sale costs and short interest levels in the underlying spot market. We find that short selling in the underling securities declines, after futures are introduced, the cost of borrowing stock for short sales declines and the available unborrowed supply of lendable shares increases. These results are consistent with futures exchanges providing a low-cost substitute market for establishing short positions. Microstructure evidence also suggests that the lower cost and greater ease of short selling via futures markets draws informed traders from the spot market. 相似文献
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This paper provides an optimal contracting framework to determine the equilibrium structure of receivables securitization in the presence of moral hazard. An incentive compatible contract is designed where the seller monitors at an efficient level and retains an equity interest in a portion of the receivable to be sold. The seller retains the riskier tranches and sells the safer ones. The equilibrium proportion of the receivable sold will be increasing with the seller's cost of internal funding. Moreover, for sellers with sufficiently high ex-ante probabilities of solvency, the equilibrium proportion of the receivable sold will be decreasing with the seller's probability of solvency. 相似文献
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为顺利推进养老金制度改革、减小职工面对的投资风险、平衡职工间的收益差异,多数国家建立起了以收益率担保为主的DC型企业年金担保机制。我国的企业年金计划也引入了风险准备金制度,但这一绝对收益率担保政策尚存在担保评估周期模糊、担保收益率较低、担保方式和资金来源单一的问题。特别地,在年金基金面临投资亏损、企业(计划发起人)或年金计划破产等担保需求下,当前我国迫切需要进一步完善收益率担保机制并构建破产担保机制。 相似文献
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在资产证券化交易中,资产转让是一个基本交易环节。债权资产的转让必须符合真实出售的法律标准。真实出售的法律标准涉及追索权、剩余索取权、赎回选择权、交易价格的确定、对应收款账户的控制权等基本问题。为了推动资产证券化的发展,在司法实践中,债权资产转让的司法审查标准逐渐由实质主义向形式主义转变。我国应通过立法确立资产证券化的债权资产转让的标准,以促进我国资产证券化市场的安全、有序发展。 相似文献
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Ciochetti Brian Sa-Aadu J. Shilling James 《The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics》1999,19(3):193-210
Numerous studies have examined the factors associated with allocation of corporate and government pension-plan assets. Yet to date there has been no attempt to identify the sponsor-related conditions that affect the percentage of U.S. private and public pension-fund assets invested in real estate. The purpose of this article is to examine various asset-and liability-matching hypotheses regarding pension-plan asset allocations. Models are specified for both corporate and government defined-benefit plans that relate the characteristics of each plan to the percentage allocated to real estate investments. Our results confirm the existence of a significant size effect for both corporate and government pension plans, although we find mean levels of real estate allocation to be much lower than those suggested in previous real estate allocation studies. The article, however, contains some anomalous findings. In particular, our findings suggest that pension-plan sponsors do not hedge their real estate risk. We also find that pension-plan sponsors do not invest in real estate, as theory might suggest, to minimize the noise level in their pension liabilities. 相似文献
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Barber Colin Robertson Donald Scott Andrew 《The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics》1997,15(1):59-76
This paper examines the statistical similarities between U.K. commercial property capital and rental values and the price level. Our aim is to determine whether commercial property is an inflation hedge and, if so, what type of inflation it hedges against. To answer these questions, we use both a multivariate unobserved components model and structural vector autoregressions. We find that commercial property is an inflation hedge but only a weak one. More specifically, we find that property offers some form of partial hedge against changes in the underlying inflation rate but not to either temporary or permanent changes to the price level. We also find that capital values offer a stronger hedge than rental values and that industrial and retail property account for most of this hedging capacity. We find no evidence that property responds differently to high or low inflation but we do find capital and rental values respond more to unexpected inflation than anticipated price changes. 相似文献
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REITs具有“长期收益率高于股票、波动性低于股票”的风险/收益特征,更为重要的是REITs与股票、债券的相关系数低。机构投资者的传统组合中通常只包括债券、股票类证券,加AREITs可使组合优化,即组合有效边界向左上方移动,意味着在相同风险水平下,增加REITs后的组合可获得更高收益,或是为取得相同收益水平,增加REITs后的组合只承担更低风险。 相似文献
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运用中国家庭金融调查(CHFS)数据,研究社会互动与家庭金融资产配置之间的关系.研究发现,适当增强社会互动会促进家庭更多地参与风险金融市场,增加投资风险资产的比例,提高金融资产的分散化程度,优化资产的配置效率.但当社会互动达到一定程度后,过度的社会互动则会抑制家庭参与风险市场,减少风险资产的投资比重,降低金融资产的分散... 相似文献
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Much of the literature on incomplete markets emphasizes the study of conditions under which security market returns, either
with or without derivative securities, span some exogenous set of cash flows. It is argued here that the only set of exogenous
cash flows to which this literature is applicable are those that are contingent on existing assets' returns. The reason for
this is that cash flows created by firms' production decisions are likely to be influenced by individual (unique) risk that
is not incorporated into the market's existing information structure. The results of this article show that, if individual
risk is pervasive, efficient allocation is likely to be achieved only in a large asset market which allows for the diversification
of individual risk. The conditions for such diversification are derived and their implications discussed. 相似文献
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Abstract: We show that stock characteristics identified by D'Avolio (2002) provide a reliable index of the mostly unobservable short sales constraints. Specifically, we find that this index is positively related to the level of short interest and to short selling costs implied by the disparity in prices in the options and stock markets, and is negatively related to future returns. Using this index, we show that the magnitude of momentum returns for the period 1984 to 2001 is positively related to short sales constraints, and loser stocks rather than winner stocks drive this result. We conclude that short sales constraints are important in preventing arbitrage of momentum in stock returns. 相似文献
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通过对2002年~2010年各种时间区间的债券和股票收益率相关性研究,发现债券和股票总体呈现负相关,随着考察时间区间的加大,相关性快速降低,且债券和股票之间在对方发生尾部风险时,具有一定对冲作用。这些特征对保险资金的战略性资产配置、战术性资产配置和再平衡操作都具有明显的借鉴意义。 相似文献
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Building on a no-arbitrage relationship suggested by Clare, Thomas and Wickens (1994) between the returns on equity, bonds and treasury bills, this paper develops what is termed a 'relative excess returns' approach to the understanding of movements in equity prices. This no-arbitrage relationship is used to derive an explicit measure of excess returns, which incorporates both the excess returns to equity and bonds while netting out any unprofitable (i.e. market efficient) return predictability caused by time variation in the treasury bill rate. This measure can be related to a series of observable variables in a consistent manner and used to construct a trading rule aimed at forecasting excess returns. In a series of empirical experiments, this trading rule appears to be more 'profitable' than both the rule suggested by Clare et al. (1994) and the gilt-equity yield ratio rule (used by many UK analysts to guide investment decisions), and outperforms the strategy of 'buy and hold equity'. More generally, the analysis provides support for the existence of predictable excess returns — returns which cannot be attributed to time-varying excess returns — and for the inefficient market explanation of predictable returns. 相似文献
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中国第二代偿付能力监管制度体系(以下简称“偿二代”)执行以后,投资风险直接体现在资本要求上,资本充足率成为保险公司投资决策的重要约束。在此背景下,保险公司有必要建立整体经济资本预算框架,通过提高各类资产的边际资本回报率,提升公司股东价值。本文通过理论研究证明资本约束下保险公司最优大类资产配置的路径首先是进行负债风险匹配资产的管理,其次才是追求盈余资产收益最大化,同时,本文创新性提出了三阶段的数值求解方法,填补了国内文献以及保险公司实践中难以前置化资本约束得到大类资产配置数值解的研究空白。 相似文献
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Milevsky MOSHE ARYE Ho KWOK Robinson CHRIS 《Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting》1997,9(1):53-70
The risk of outliving your money (or shortfall) with low risk, low return investments is very often more serious than the risk of losing money on high risk investments, until quite late in life. A stochastic process model incorporating mortality tables for men and women of retirement age, random rates of return and fixed initial wealth and desired level of consumption provides the analytical tool. A simulation using Canadian mortality tables and rates of return shows that almost all retirees should invest some of their wealth in equity, and for many the optimal allocation is 70–100% equity. The risk of shortfall is surprisingly high for a reasonable range of values of the variables, especially for an allocation of 100% in treasury bills. Women face much greater risk of shortfall than men. The analytical model also permits calculation of the distribution of the bequest and hence allows an individual to trade off changes in shortfall risk against changes in the expected bequest to the heirs. 相似文献